RitchieWiki - Recent changes [en]

Drill Rod

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:16:31 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 20 November 2009
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-	A '''drill rod''' is the [[Steel\|steel]] carbon component that connects the drive and the motor to the [[Drill bit\|drill bit]] used in [[Drills\|drills]]. Pumping water through the drill rod enables the drill to produce a rotary motion.	+	A '''drill rod''' is the [[Steel\|steel]] carbon component that connects the drive and the motor to the [[Drill bit\|drill bit]] used in [[Drills\|drills]]. [[Pumps\|Pumping]] water through the [[drill_rod\|drill rod]] enables the [[drill\|drill]] to produce a rotary motion.

-	[[Category:~~Mechanical Features and Designs~~]]	+	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Three-point Hitch

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:14:50 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:14, 20 November 2009
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-	The '''three-point hitch''' is a linkage system designed for farm tractors to connect implements and [[attachments]] to the rear of the machine. It consists of three [[Hitch\|hitch]] points (one upper and two lower), all operated by [[Hydraulics\|hydraulics]]. The upper hitch controls the draft (or depth) of the attachment while the two lower hitches are able to raise and lower the attachment as needed.	+	The '''three-point hitch''' is a linkage system designed for farm tractors to connect implements and [[attachments]] to the rear of the machine. It consists of three [[Hitch\|hitch]] points (one upper and two lower), all operated by [[Hydraulics\|hydraulics]]. The upper hitch controls the draft (or depth) of the attachment while the two lower hitches are able to raise and lower the attachment as needed.

-	The key benefit provided by the three-point hitch is that it transfers the weight and drag of the attachment to the rear wheels of the tractor, which increases traction. Thus “traction is maximized when pulling is most difficult.”<ref>[http://www.tractordata.com/articles/technical/threepoint.html Three Point. Tractor Data. 2008-09-30.]</ref> It also made connecting and disconnecting attachments a quicker and easier process	+	The key benefit provided by the three-point hitch is that it transfers the weight and drag of the attachment to the rear wheels of the tractor, which increases traction. Thus “traction is maximized when pulling is most difficult.”<ref>[http://www.tractordata.com/articles/technical/threepoint.html Three Point. Tractor Data. 2008-09-30.]</ref> It also made connecting and disconnecting attachments a quicker and easier process

-	== History ==	+	== History ==

-	Initially, each [[Tractor\|tractor]] had its own linkage system, requiring manufacturers to provide specific attachments for their tractors. These simple single [[Tow-hitch\|tow-hitch]] systems resulted in a lot of drag, often causing tractors to stall or even flip over.	+	Initially, each [[Tractor\|tractor]] had its own linkage system, requiring manufacturers to provide specific attachments for their tractors. These simple single [[Tow-hitch\|tow-hitch]] systems resulted in a lot of drag, often causing tractors to stall or even flip over.

-	So, an Irish tractor salesman named [[Harry Ferguson]], with a talent for engineering, began developing a new system. He experimented with new link systems throughout the 1920s and 1930s. His first new design was the Duplex Hitch. It consisted of two nearly parallel [[Struts\|struts]], which resisted the plow’s tendency to rise when met with resistance. Instead, it counteracted with downward force on the attachment. However, despite the advancements made by the Duplex Hitch, it did not have any draft control. Draft control would allow the implement to automatically lift when it reached very tough soil, decreasing drag, until the spot was passed.	+	So, an Irish tractor salesman named [[Harry Ferguson]], with a talent for engineering, began developing a new system. He experimented with new link systems throughout the 1920s and 1930s. His first new design was the Duplex Hitch. It consisted of two nearly parallel [[Struts\|struts]], which resisted the plow’s tendency to rise when met with resistance. Instead, it counteracted with downward force on the attachment. However, despite the advancements made by the Duplex Hitch, it did not have any draft control. Draft control would allow the implement to automatically lift when it reached very tough soil, decreasing drag, until the spot was passed.

-	By adding a hydraulically powered upper [[Hitch\|hitch]], Ferguson was able to solve the draft problem. His new system was called the three-point hitch.	+	By adding a hydraulically powered upper [[Hitch\|hitch]], Ferguson was able to solve the draft problem. His new system was called the three-point hitch.

-	The hitch was first attached to a [[David Brown]] tractor in 1933, creating the [[Ferguson-Brown model A]]. By 1937, sales had dropped and relations between Brown and Ferguson had become hostile.	+	The hitch was first attached to a [[David Brown]] tractor in 1933, creating the [[Ferguson-Brown model A]]. By 1937, sales had dropped and relations between Brown and Ferguson had become hostile.

-	Ferguson decided to shop his system to [[Henry Ford]] in 1939 and together they released the [[Ford model 9N]]. Eventually this partnership also dissolved, resulting in a lawsuit over royalties.	+	Ferguson decided to shop his system to [[Henry Ford]] in 1939 and together they released the [[Ford model 9N]]. Eventually this partnership also dissolved, resulting in a lawsuit over royalties.

-	By 1960, Ferguson’s patent had expired and the three-point hitch was made the industry standard, which it still stands today.	+	By 1960, Ferguson’s patent had expired and the three-point hitch was made the industry standard, which it still stands today.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Langeled Pipeline

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:12:06 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:12, 20 November 2009
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-	The '''Langeled Pipeline''' is the longest underwater pipeline, measuring 746 miles (1,200 km) long from Norway to the U.K. Costing 10 million USD to develop, it was constructed for Norsk Hydro to transport 70 million cubic yards (45 million m<sup>3</sup>) of [[Gas\|gas]] to heat homes in the United Kingdom. The Langeled project will provide the U.K. with 20 percent of its gas supply. Spearheaded by [[Ormen Lange]], the project was completed in 2006; nine years after Norsk Hydro first discovered an oil field 2,953 feet (900 m) below the earth’s surface.<ref>[http://www.hydro.com/en/Press-room/News/Archive/2006/August/17029/ Langeled development below budget]. Hydro.com, August, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>	+	The '''Langeled Pipeline''' is the longest underwater pipeline, measuring 746 miles (1,200 km) long from Norway to the U.K. Costing 10 million USD to develop, it was constructed for Norsk Hydro to transport 70 million cubic yards (45 million m<sup>3</sup>) of [[Gas\|gas]] to heat homes in the United Kingdom. The Langeled project will provide the U.K. with 20 percent of its gas supply. Spearheaded by [[Ormen Lange]], the project was completed in 2006; nine years after Norsk Hydro first discovered an oil field 2,953 feet (900 m) below the earth’s surface.<ref>[http://www.hydro.com/en/Press-room/News/Archive/2006/August/17029/ Langeled development below budget]. Hydro.com, August, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>

-	== Construction History ==	+	== Construction History ==

-	The Langeled Pipeline is said to have been the biggest and most challenging project of its time. Having to contend with excavation and pipelaying in freezing temperatures deep underwater, often on unstable, rocky terrain, workers had many construction obstacles to overcome.	+	The Langeled Pipeline is said to have been the biggest and most challenging project of its time. Having to contend with excavation and pipelaying in freezing temperatures deep underwater, often on unstable, rocky terrain, workers had many [[construction\|construction]] obstacles to overcome.

-	Several Norwegian companies were involved in the planning phase of the construction. [[Kongsberg Maritime]] and [[Norwegian Underwater Institute]] provided an underwater vehicle to survey the seabed. The [[Hugin]] traveled underwater in depths as much as 14,764 feet (4,500 m), along with a referencing vehicle that gave the project’s planners an idea of the conditions in which the project would be commencing. [[Nexans]] provided the 155 miles (250 km) of cable for the [[Gas\|gas]] processing plant at Aukura, as well as a [[C/S Bourbon Skagerrak]], a high-tech cable-laying apparatus.<ref>[http://www.nortrade.com Official NorTrade website]</ref>	+	Several Norwegian companies were involved in the planning phase of the construction. [[Kongsberg Maritime]] and [[Norwegian Underwater Institute]] provided an underwater vehicle to survey the seabed. The [[Hugin]] traveled underwater in depths as much as 14,764 feet (4,500 m), along with a referencing vehicle that gave the project’s planners an idea of the conditions in which the project would be commencing. [[Nexans]] provided the 155 miles (250 km) of cable for the [[Gas\|gas]] processing plant at Aukura, as well as a [[C/S Bourbon Skagerrak]], a high-tech cable-laying apparatus.<ref>[http://www.nortrade.com Official NorTrade website]</ref>

-	[[Skanska]], a Sweden-based company, took the task of excavating two caverns with two [[Atlas Copco]] [[Rocket Boomer drill rigs]] that were employed in the precision drilling project. The [[Rocket boomer XL3 C\|rocket boomer XL3 C]] and [[353 ES]] drilled access tunnels and were used for grouting and bolting the tunnels. When the tunnels were drilled, they were supported by [[stainless steel]] bolts, each standing 19.7 feet (6 m) high each. Benches measuring 33 feet (10 m) high were also constructed with Atlas Copco equipment: [[R 0C D7 surface crawler]]. The Atlas Copco R 0C D7 drilled profile holes 85 feet (26 m) long and blastholes 8.2 feet (2.5 m) deep. The underwater tunnels were drilled by the [[Rocket Boomer 353 ES]] and the [[Boomer H185]].	+	[[Skanska]], a Sweden-based company, took the task of excavating two caverns with two [[Atlas Copco]] [[Rocket Boomer drill rigs]] that were employed in the precision drilling project. The [[Rocket boomer XL3 C\|rocket boomer XL3 C]] and [[353 ES]] drilled access tunnels and were used for grouting and bolting the tunnels. When the tunnels were drilled, they were supported by [[stainless steel]] bolts, each standing 19.7 feet (6 m) high each. Benches measuring 33 feet (10 m) high were also constructed with Atlas Copco equipment: [[R 0C D7 surface crawler]]. The Atlas Copco R 0C D7 drilled profile holes 85 feet (26 m) long and blastholes 8.2 feet (2.5 m) deep. The underwater tunnels were drilled by the [[Rocket Boomer 353 ES]] and the [[Boomer H185]].

-	Geir Anders Kildemo from [[Skanska]] said of the process: “The seawater pit was the most challenging part of the project to date due to its unusual profile, complicated by the adjacent shaft and the need for connections between pit, shaft and tunnel.”<ref>[http://www.miningandconstruction.com/files//3_2005_4-6.pdf Gas Landing Precision]. Mining and Construction, 2008-09-25.</ref>	+	Geir Anders Kildemo from [[Skanska]] said of the process: “The seawater pit was the most challenging part of the project to date due to its unusual profile, complicated by the adjacent shaft and the need for connections between pit, shaft and tunnel.”<ref>[http://www.miningandconstruction.com/files//3_2005_4-6.pdf Gas Landing Precision]. Mining and Construction, 2008-09-25.</ref>

-	The construction project continued with the excavation of earth from the seabed from Nyhamna, Norway to Easington, U.K. Specially-built, remote-control [[Excavators\|excavators]] called [[Spiders]] were used during this arduous process. The excavators played a crucial role in preparing the seabed for the appropriate positioning of the pipes. Excavators removed some rocks that were in excess of 197 feet (60 m) high. In addition, 2.8 million tons of rock were collected and lowered to the sea floor to balance and level the terrain for the [[Pipeline construction\|pipeline construction]] process.	+	The construction project continued with the excavation of earth from the seabed from Nyhamna, Norway to Easington, U.K. Specially-built, remote-control [[Excavators\|excavators]] called [[Spiders]] were used during this arduous process. The excavators played a crucial role in preparing the seabed for the appropriate positioning of the pipes. Excavators removed some rocks that were in excess of 197 feet (60 m) high. In addition, 2.8 million tons of rock were collected and lowered to the sea floor to balance and level the terrain for the [[Pipeline construction\|pipeline construction]] process.

-	Three thousand workers were employed, many of which were involved in welding more than 96,600 pipe sections to be laid underwater. The pipes had to be laid with the utmost care and precision. Approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) of pipes were laid per day with the help of two large pipelaying vessels, the LB200 and Soltaire. The LB200 consisted of four welding stations where the pipes were welded and coated with a special, protective substance. Before the pipes could be laid, numerous tests were carried out to determine if they were watertight and capable of preventing pipe corrosion. As many as 600 people worked together to prepare the pipes	+	Three thousand workers were employed, many of which were involved in welding more than 96,600 pipe sections to be laid underwater. The pipes had to be laid with the utmost care and precision. Approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) of pipes were laid per day with the help of two large pipelaying vessels, the LB200 and Soltaire. The LB200 consisted of four welding stations where the pipes were welded and coated with a special, protective substance. Before the pipes could be laid, numerous tests were carried out to determine if they were watertight and capable of preventing pipe corrosion. As many as 600 people worked together to prepare the pipes

-	Pipes in the southern section were measured with a 44-inch (112-cm) diameter. The northern section, running from Nyhamna to Sleipner consists of 42-inch (107-cm) diameter pipes. 100,000 pipes were used to construct the pipeline that runs from Nyhamna in Norway to Easington, U.K.	+	Pipes in the southern section were measured with a 44-inch (112-cm) diameter. The northern section, running from Nyhamna to Sleipner consists of 42-inch (107-cm) diameter pipes. 100,000 pipes were used to construct the pipeline that runs from Nyhamna in Norway to Easington, U.K.

-	[[Aker Kværner Subsea]] developed a compression station, the first of its kind, to allow construction to continue in the depths of the ocean. The pipes were lowered into the water but were not joined just yet. Divers spent approximately 48 hours ensuring the pipes were well prepared for welding. Divers accomplished this task with the help of a Pipeline Repair Habitat, a watertight construction area that could remove seawater from the confines to allow the divers to make any repairs necessary.<ref>[http://www4.hydro.com/ormenlange/en/media_room/feature_stories/langeled.html No wonder fish swim with their mouths open]. Hydro.com, 2008-09-25.</ref>	+	[[Aker Kværner Subsea]] developed a compression station, the first of its kind, to allow construction to continue in the depths of the ocean. The pipes were lowered into the water but were not joined just yet. Divers spent approximately 48 hours ensuring the pipes were well prepared for welding. Divers accomplished this task with the help of a Pipeline Repair Habitat, a watertight construction area that could remove seawater from the confines to allow the divers to make any repairs necessary.<ref>[http://www4.hydro.com/ormenlange/en/media_room/feature_stories/langeled.html No wonder fish swim with their mouths open]. Hydro.com, 2008-09-25.</ref>

-	A fallrock vessel provided by [[Van Oord]] blanketed the sea floor with two million tons of [[Aggregate\|aggregate]].<ref>Tubb, Rita. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3251/is_6_232/ai_n25111442/print Construction begins on world's longest subsea pipeline]. BNET, June, 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>	+	A fallrock vessel provided by [[Van Oord]] blanketed the sea floor with two million tons of [[Aggregate\|aggregate]].<ref>Tubb, Rita. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3251/is_6_232/ai_n25111442/print Construction begins on world's longest subsea pipeline]. BNET, June, 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>

-	A total of 3,000 workers aided in the construction process by one of the largest European offshore developments. The south section of the Langeled project, from Sleipner to Easington, first became operational in October 2006.	+	A total of 3,000 workers aided in the construction process by one of the largest European offshore developments. The south section of the Langeled project, from Sleipner to Easington, first became operational in October 2006.

-	== Equipment Used ==	+	== Equipment Used ==

-	* [[Pipelayer]]	+	*[[Pipelayer]]
-	* [[Rocket boomer drill]]	+	*[[Rocket boomer drill]]
-	* [[Spider excavator]]	+	*[[Spider excavator]]
-	* [[Surface crawler]]	+	*[[Surface crawler]]

-	== Unique Facts ==	+	== Unique Facts ==

-	* Ormen Lange partners include: Hydro, Shell, Petoro, Statoil, Dong, and ExxonMobil. Hydro devised the development of Langeled during the construction phase.	+	*Ormen Lange partners include: Hydro, Shell, Petoro, Statoil, Dong, and ExxonMobil. Hydro devised the development of Langeled during the construction phase.
-	* The Langeled project has placed Norway in the top three exporters of [[Gas\|gas]], along with Russia and Canada.<ref>[http://www.hydro.com/en/Press-room/News/Archive/2006/August/17029/ Langeled development below budget]. Hydro.com, August, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>	+	*The Langeled project has placed Norway in the top three exporters of [[Gas\|gas]], along with Russia and Canada.<ref>[http://www.hydro.com/en/Press-room/News/Archive/2006/August/17029/ Langeled development below budget]. Hydro.com, August, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>
-	* A million tons of steel and [[Concrete\|concrete]] were used to construct the pipeline.	+	*A million tons of steel and [[Concrete\|concrete]] were used to construct the pipeline.
-	* Once gas is transported, it is received at a facility in Easington where it is processed to meet temperature requirements and then generated through the U.K. National Transmission System.	+	*Once gas is transported, it is received at a facility in Easington where it is processed to meet temperature requirements and then generated through the U.K. National Transmission System.
-	* Special pipeline inspection gauges (pigs) were used to remove water and other unwanted materials from the pipes. Pigs typically join two pipes by a pigging loop.<ref>Cargill, Andrew. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3251/is_8_234/ai_n25010703/print Special pigs provided for the langeled pipeline]. BNET, August, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>	+	*Special pipeline inspection gauges (pigs) were used to remove water and other unwanted materials from the pipes. Pigs typically join two pipes by a pigging loop.<ref>Cargill, Andrew. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3251/is_8_234/ai_n25010703/print Special pigs provided for the langeled pipeline]. BNET, August, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-25)</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Pipelines]]		[[Category:Pipelines]]

Alloy

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:09:38 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:09, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Alloy''' is a solid solution or the combination of two or more chemical elements, one of which comprises metallic properties.	+	'''Alloy''' is a solid solution or the combination of two or more chemical elements, one of which comprises metallic properties.

-	Elements are alloyed with metals to enhance their properties, usually to improve their strength. In addition, because the mixture is not pure metal, it cannot reach a melting point, as typical metals do, although the mixture will undergo liquid and solid phases. Metals such as [[Steel\|steel]] and [[stainless steel]] are commonly alloyed with carbon.	+	Elements are alloyed with metals to enhance their properties, usually to improve their strength. In addition, because the mixture is not pure metal, it cannot reach a melting point, as typical metals do, although the mixture will undergo liquid and solid phases. Metals such as [[Steel\|steel]] and [[stainless steel]] are commonly alloyed with carbon.

-	By alloying a metal with an element, materials and components of construction equipment are made that much stronger. Alloyed metals are commonly used on [[Drill bits\|drill bits]], enabling them to penetrate, break, and bore holes in the hardest rocks, [[Concrete\|concrete]], or other materials.	+	By alloying a metal with an element, materials and components of [[construction\|construction]] equipment are made that much stronger. Alloyed metals are commonly used on [[Drill bits\|drill bits]], enabling them to penetrate, break, and bore holes in the hardest rocks, [[Concrete\|concrete]], or other materials.

-	Examples of metal alloys include: steel, pewter, cast iron, nonmagnetic steel, chromium steel, tungsten-chromium-cobalt, tungsten steel, and white gold.<ref>[http://metals.about.com/library/bldef-Alloy.htm Alloy. About.com. 2008-09-28.]</ref>	+	Examples of metal alloys include: steel, pewter, cast iron, nonmagnetic steel, chromium steel, tungsten-chromium-cobalt, tungsten steel, and white [[gold\|gold]].<ref>[http://metals.about.com/library/bldef-Alloy.htm Alloy. About.com. 2008-09-28.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Materials]]		[[Category:Materials]]

Burj Dubai

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 20:07:48 GMT

Show changes

Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:56:18 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Recycled Asphalt Pavement''' ('''RAP''') is removed and/or reprocessed pavement materials containing a mixture or asphalt and [[Aggregate\|aggregates]]. It is generated when pavement is removed for reconstruction or resurfacing. If properly crushed and screened, RAP consists of high-quality, well-graded aggregate coated in [[cement]].<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/rap131.htm Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	'''Recycled Asphalt Pavement''' ('''RAP''') is removed and/or reprocessed pavement materials containing a mixture or asphalt and [[Aggregate\|aggregates]]. It is generated when pavement is removed for reconstruction or resurfacing. If properly crushed and screened, RAP consists of high-quality, well-graded aggregate coated in [[cement]].<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/rap131.htm Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	[[Asphalt]] pavement is generally torn up by one of two methods: milling or full depth reclamation. Milling, also known as “planing,” is the removal of the surface level of the pavement. A milling or planing machine can remove up to two inches (50 mm) in a single pass.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/rap131.htm Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. 2008-09-29.]</ref> Full depth reclamation involves the ripping and breaking of the entire pavement. This is usually achieved by using a rhino horn attached to a [[Crawler tractor\|crawler tractor]], or with a [[Pneumatic\|pneumatic]] pavement breaker.	+	[[Asphalt]] pavement is generally torn up by one of two methods: milling or full depth reclamation. Milling, also known as “planing,” is the removal of the surface level of the pavement. A milling or planing machine can remove up to two inches (50 mm) in a single pass.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/rap131.htm Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. 2008-09-29.]</ref> Full depth reclamation involves the ripping and breaking of the entire pavement. This is usually achieved by using a rhino horn attached to a [[Crawler tractor\|crawler tractor]], or with a [[Pneumatic\|pneumatic]] pavement breaker.

-	This removed material can either be transported to a central mix facility for reprocessing or re-mixed and repaved immediately. Immediate reprocessing is called in-place recycling. Some milling or planing machines are equipped to strip old asphalt pavement, mix it new aggregate and binder, and then replace and compact it in a single pass.	+	This removed material can either be transported to a central mix facility for reprocessing or re-mixed and repaved immediately. Immediate reprocessing is called in-place recycling. Some milling or planing machines are equipped to strip old asphalt pavement, mix it new aggregate and binder, and then replace and compact it in a single pass.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Materials]]		[[Category:Materials]]

Asphalt

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:55:06 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Asphalt''' is a black tar-like substance primarily used for road construction. It is manufactured by mixing asphalt [[cement]] with [[Aggregate\|aggregates]] such as stone, sand, or gravel.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Sources/Asphalt-WS13CBCB37-1_En.htm Asphalt. EC.Gc.ca. 2008-09-28.]</ref> Asphalt cement is a product of oil refining, used as a binder to glue aggregates together, thereby producing asphalt.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Sources/Asphalt-WS13CBCB37-1_En.htm Asphalt. EC.gc.ca. 2008-09-28.]</ref>	+	'''Asphalt''' is a black tar-like substance primarily used for [[road construction\|road construction]]. It is manufactured by mixing asphalt [[cement]] with [[Aggregate\|aggregates]] such as stone, sand, or gravel.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Sources/Asphalt-WS13CBCB37-1_En.htm Asphalt. EC.Gc.ca. 2008-09-28.]</ref> Asphalt cement is a product of [[oil\|oil]] refining, used as a binder to glue aggregates together, thereby producing asphalt.<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Sources/Asphalt-WS13CBCB37-1_En.htm Asphalt. EC.gc.ca. 2008-09-28.]</ref>

-	As one of the world’s oldest building materials, its history as a roadbuilding material dates back to 625 B.C. It currently covers more than 94 percent of United States roads.<ref>[http://www.hotmix.org/history.php History. Hotmix. 2008-09-28.]</ref> It is also used for driveways, parking lots, airport runways, racetracks, tennis courts, and a variety of other applications requiring a smooth, durable driving surface.	+	As one of the world’s oldest building materials, its history as a roadbuilding material dates back to 625 B.C. It currently covers more than 94 percent of United States roads.<ref>[http://www.hotmix.org/history.php History. Hotmix. 2008-09-28.]</ref> It is also used for driveways, parking lots, airport runways, racetracks, tennis courts, and a variety of other applications requiring a smooth, durable driving surface.

-	The word asphalt derives from the Greek word asphaltos, meaning “secure.”<ref>[http://www.hotmix.org/history.php History. Hotmix. 2008-09-28.]</ref> However, outside of North America, asphalt is commonly referred to as [[Bitumen\|bitumen]]. This material is also sometimes called Hot Mix Asphalt, blacktop, tarmac, macadam, plant mix, asphalt concrete, or [[Bituminous\|bituminous]] [[Concrete\|concrete]].	+	The word asphalt derives from the Greek word asphaltos, meaning “secure.”<ref>[http://www.hotmix.org/history.php History. Hotmix. 2008-09-28.]</ref> However, outside of North America, asphalt is commonly referred to as [[Bitumen\|bitumen]]. This material is also sometimes called Hot Mix Asphalt, blacktop, tarmac, macadam, plant mix, asphalt concrete, or [[Bituminous\|bituminous]] [[Concrete\|concrete]].

-	Hot Mix Asphalt is the result of heating asphalt in a central mixing plant. After the asphalt is heated, it is transported to the site of the project, spread over a surface and compacted before it cools.	+	Hot Mix Asphalt is the result of heating asphalt in a central mixing plant. After the asphalt is heated, it is transported to the site of the project, spread over a surface and compacted before it cools.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Materials]]		[[Category:Materials]]

Concrete

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:50:06 GMT

Luffing

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:36:01 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:36, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Luffing''' is a term referring to the movement of a [[Crane\|crane]]’s [[Boom\|boom]]. Also called derricking, it refers to the process of changing the angle of the boom by adjusting the length of the boom’s ropes. This movement is called booming in, booming out, or topping.	+	'''Luffing''' is a term referring to the movement of a [[Crane\|crane]]’s [[Boom\|boom]]. Also called [[derrick\|derricking]], it refers to the process of changing the angle of the boom by adjusting the length of the boom’s ropes. This movement is called booming in, booming out, or topping.

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

Ward Leonard Motor Control System

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:35:04 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 20 November 2009
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-	The '''Ward Leonard motor control system''' was devised by inventor and engineer, [[Harry Ward Leonard]], in 1891. It has been used in wide variety of devices and equipment even today, with minor improvements or revisions made. Manufacturers for large machinery such as [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]], [[Draglines\|draglines]], and [[Excavators\|excavators]] have utilized the Ward Leonard Control system to allow them to be operated by electricity without the fear of burning out.	+	The '''Ward Leonard motor control system''' was devised by inventor and engineer, [[Harry Ward Leonard]], in 1891. It has been used in wide variety of devices and equipment even today, with minor improvements or revisions made. Manufacturers for large machinery such as [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]], [[Draglines\|draglines]], and [[Excavators\|excavators]] have utilized the Ward Leonard Control system to allow them to be operated by [[electricity\|electricity]] without the fear of burning out.

-	The Ward Leonard motor control system utilizes AC powered [[Motor\|motor]] [[Gen-sets\|generator sets]] to power DC motors with the motion of the machinery. [[Mining]] and [[Construction\|construction]] equipment such as [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]] benefited from this invention. It is also used for the operation of many elevators and still remains in use today.	+	The Ward Leonard motor control system utilizes AC powered [[Motor\|motor]] [[Gen-sets\|generator sets]] to power DC motors with the motion of the machinery. [[Mining]] and [[Construction\|construction]] equipment such as [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]] benefited from this invention. It is also used for the operation of many [[Elevator\|elevators]] and still remains in use today.

-	== How it Works ==	+	== How it Works ==

-	Leonard had patents for more than 100 inventions during his lifetime, but is best known for the Ward Leonard motor control system. The Ward Leonard system was devised in 1891. It involves a prime mover (usually an AC or alternating current motor), which operates a direct current or DC generator at a consistent speed. The framework of the generator is connected to a direct current or DC motor. The motor, in turn, is responsible for adjusting the speed of the equipment and does so by altering the output voltage of the [[Generator\|generator]] with the help of a rheostat. The flow of the motor field typically stays unaltered and can be reduced at times to increase the speed of the base. Ward Leonard systems typically include an exciter generator that is operated by the prime mover in order to field power supply from the DC exciter.<ref>[http://www.wardleonard.com/index_sub.php?did=32 Who is Ward Leonard? Ward Leonard. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Leonard had patents for more than 100 inventions during his lifetime, but is best known for the Ward Leonard motor control system. The Ward Leonard system was devised in 1891. It involves a prime mover (usually an AC or alternating current motor), which operates a direct current or DC [[generator\|generator]] at a consistent speed. The framework of the generator is connected to a direct current or DC motor. The motor, in turn, is responsible for adjusting the speed of the equipment and does so by altering the output voltage of the [[Generator\|generator]] with the help of a rheostat. The flow of the motor field typically stays unaltered and can be reduced at times to increase the speed of the base. Ward Leonard systems typically include an exciter generator that is operated by the prime mover in order to field power supply from the DC exciter.<ref>[http://www.wardleonard.com/index_sub.php?did=32 Who is Ward Leonard? Ward Leonard. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== Equipment and Uses ====	+	==== Equipment and Uses ====

-	The Ward Leonard motor control system has been useful for many different concepts and industries. It became of particular use to the developing of [[Steam shovels\|steam shovels]] for manufacturers such as [[Marion Steam Shovel Company\|Marion Steam Shovel Co.]] and [[Bucyrus Company\|Bucyrus Co.]] Both utilized the Ward-Leonard control system for their steam-powered shovels and [[Excavators\|excavators]] because without it, large machines could not get the full power required from electric motors. The Ward Leonard system, using AC powered [[Gen-sets\|generator sets]] to transmit power to DC motors allows maximum pull for the machine’s motor while preventing it from burning out.	+	The Ward Leonard motor control system has been useful for many different concepts and industries. It became of particular use to the developing of [[Steam shovels\|steam shovels]] for manufacturers such as [[Marion Steam Shovel Company\|Marion Steam Shovel Co.]] and [[Bucyrus Company\|Bucyrus Co.]] Both utilized the Ward-Leonard control system for their steam-powered shovels and [[Excavators\|excavators]] because without it, large machines could not get the full power required from electric motors. The Ward Leonard system, using AC powered [[Gen-sets\|generator sets]] to transmit power to DC motors allows maximum pull for the machine’s motor while preventing it from burning out.

-	The first [[Shovels\|shovels]] to utilize this system were the [[225-B]], produced by Bucyrus, and the [[300-E]] manufactured by Marion. Once it was incorporated into these models, it became the standard configuration for all electric shovels.<ref>Haddock, Keith. The Earthmover Encyclopedia. Motorbooks: St. Paul, 2003.</ref>	+	The first [[Shovels\|shovels]] to utilize this system were the [[225-B]], produced by Bucyrus, and the [[300-E]] manufactured by Marion. Once it was incorporated into these models, it became the standard configuration for all [[Electric_shovel\|electric shovels]].<ref>Haddock, Keith. The Earthmover Encyclopedia. Motorbooks: St. Paul, 2003.</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Mountaintop Mining

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:30:33 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:30, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Mountaintop mining''', also called mountaintop removal mining (MTR), is a type of surface [[Mining\|mining]] that refers to the removal of [[Overburden\|overburden]] covering a coal seam or seams on the top of a mountain.<ref>[http://www.mountaintopmining.com/ Mountaintop Mining]. MountaintopMining.com, 2008-09-30.</ref> The top of the mountain is excavated and changed topographically in order to extract the coal. Sometimes the removal of the mountaintop terrain is done with explosives, resulting in excess debris that is usually deposited into adjacent river valleys often called a valley fill.<ref>Sanda, Art. [http://www.mountaintopmining.com/articles/coalage.htm Mountaintop mining, choreographed chaos]. MountaintopMining.com, December, 1999. (accessed: 2008-09-30)</ref>	+	'''Mountaintop mining''', also called mountaintop removal [[mining\|mining]] (MTR), is a type of surface [[Mining\|mining]] that refers to the removal of [[Overburden\|overburden]] covering a coal seam or seams on the top of a mountain.<ref>[http://www.mountaintopmining.com/ Mountaintop Mining]. MountaintopMining.com, 2008-09-30.</ref> The top of the mountain is excavated and changed topographically in order to extract the [[coal\|coal]]. Sometimes the removal of the mountaintop terrain is done with explosives, resulting in excess debris that is usually deposited into adjacent river valleys often called a valley fill.<ref>Sanda, Art. [http://www.mountaintopmining.com/articles/coalage.htm Mountaintop mining, choreographed chaos]. MountaintopMining.com, December, 1999. (accessed: 2008-09-30)</ref>

-	The environmental impact made by mountaintop mining is the center of controversial debate. [[Clear cutting\|Clear-cutting]] of hardwood forests situated on mountaintops is carried out to enable over 800 to 1,000 feet (244 to 305 m) of mountaintop to be blasted and removed. The excess waste from blasting is then dumped into nearby river valleys, covering and clogging up streambeds. The blasting also generates unnecessary noise pollution that affects surrounding communities. Another criticism is that the exposed land is left stripped and barren. Even if the land is reclaimed, the mountaintop very seldom returns to its natural state.<ref>[http://www.mountainjusticesummer.org/facts/steps.php What is Mountain Top Removal Mining?] Mountain Justice, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	The environmental impact made by mountaintop mining is the center of controversial debate. [[Clear cutting\|Clear-cutting]] of hardwood forests situated on mountaintops is carried out to enable over 800 to 1,000 feet (244 to 305 m) of mountaintop to be blasted and removed. The excess waste from blasting is then dumped into nearby river valleys, covering and clogging up streambeds. The blasting also generates unnecessary noise pollution that affects surrounding communities. Another criticism is that the exposed land is left stripped and barren. Even if the land is reclaimed, the mountaintop very seldom returns to its natural state.<ref>[http://www.mountainjusticesummer.org/facts/steps.php What is Mountain Top Removal Mining?] Mountain Justice, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== History ==	+	== History ==

-	The practice of mountaintop mining was first undertaken nearly 30 years ago in West Virginia’s Appalachian mountains as an extension of surface coal mining operations.<ref>[http://www.appvoices.org/index.php?/site/mtr_overview/ Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining]. Appalachian Voices, 2008-09-30.</ref> The first mountain to be mined this way was Bullpush Mountain in Fayette County in 1970. Over the next 30 years, the use of mountaintop mining in the state escalated. In the 1980s, [[Draglines\|draglines]] were introduced that further enabled the speedy extraction of coal by mountaintop removal. Mountaintop mining is now carried out in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.<ref>Burns, Shirley L. Stewart. [http://kitkat.wvu.edu:8080/files/4047/Stewart_Burns_Shirley_dissertation.pdf Brining Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal Surface Coal Mining on Southern West Virginia Communities, 1970-2004], 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-30)</ref> <br>	+	The practice of mountaintop mining was first undertaken nearly 30 years ago in West Virginia’s Appalachian mountains as an extension of surface coal mining operations.<ref>[http://www.appvoices.org/index.php?/site/mtr_overview/ Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining]. Appalachian Voices, 2008-09-30.</ref> The first mountain to be mined this way was Bullpush Mountain in Fayette County in 1970. Over the next 30 years, the use of mountaintop mining in the state escalated. In the 1980s, [[Draglines\|draglines]] were introduced that further enabled the speedy extraction of coal by mountaintop removal. Mountaintop mining is now carried out in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.<ref>Burns, Shirley L. Stewart. [http://kitkat.wvu.edu:8080/files/4047/Stewart_Burns_Shirley_dissertation.pdf Brining Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal Surface Coal Mining on Southern West Virginia Communities, 1970-2004], 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-30)</ref> <br>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

wiki/wiki/wiki/index.php

Ameliora — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:30:10 GMT

deleted "[[wiki/wiki/wiki/index.php]]" content was: ' Wanna joke?) What do the letters D.N.A. stand for? National Dyslexics Association. ___________________________ --/ <a href= http://vaia...' (and the only contributor was '89.28.114.111')

New page

Talk:RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers

Ameliora — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:24:20 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 20 November 2009
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	<noinclude>Comments on [[RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers]]		<noinclude>Comments on [[RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers]]
-	<comments />	+	<comments></comments>
-	----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>	+	----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>

-	== Jett Mitchell said ... ==	+	== Jett Mitchell said ... ==
		+	<div class="commentBlock">
		+	haven't missed one yet....

-	<div ~~class='commentBlock'~~>	+	--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)
-	~~haven't missed one yet.~~...	+	</div>
		+	== Harry Miller said ... ==
		+	<div class="commentBlock">
		+	Question: What is the International Harvester (IH)logo meant to resemble? Answer: A man on a tractor (The dot of the letter I is his head, the letter H is the tractor chassis and wheels)

-	~~--Jett Mitchell 21:00, 19 November 2009 (PST)~~	+	--Harry Miller 04:45, 20 November 2009 (PST)
-	~~</div>~~	+
-	~~== Jett Mitchell said ... ==~~	+
-		+
-	~~<div class='commentBlock'>~~	+
-	~~haven't missed one yet....~~	+
-		+
-	~~--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)~~	+
-	~~</div>~~	+
-	~~== Jett Mitchell said ... ==~~	+
-		+
-	~~<div class='commentBlock'>~~	+
-	~~haven't missed one yet....~~	+
-		+
-	~~--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)~~	+
-	~~</div>~~	+
-	~~== Harry Miller said ... ==~~	+
-		+
-	~~<div class='commentBlock'>~~	+
-	~~Question: What is the International Harvester (IH)logo meant to resemble?~~	+
-	~~Answer: A man on a tractor (The dot of the letter I is his head, the letter H is the tractor chassis and wheels)~~	+
-		+
-	--Harry Miller 04:45, 20 November 2009 (PST)	+
	</div>		</div>

Torsen Differential

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:23:07 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 20 November 2009
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-	''This article is sub of “Differential”''	+	''This article is sub of “Differential”''

-	The '''Torsen differential''' is a type of [[Differential\|differential]] that supplies the same amount of [[Torque\|torque]] to each of the wheels of a vehicle.	+	The '''Torsen differential''' is a type of [[Differential\|differential]] that supplies the same amount of [[Torque\|torque]] to each of the wheels of a vehicle.

-	Differentials are used on all modern cars and trucks, including [[AWD]] and [[4WD]] vehicles. Differentials serve the purpose of enabling the wheels of a vehicle to spin at speeds conducive to turning and changing directions. This usually requires that the wheels on the outside of a turn must spin at a faster speed and travel a further distance to keep up with the inner wheels and to accomplish the turn successfully. The differential is a device consisting of grinding meshes that enable this. It also provides torque or power from the engine to the wheels.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/Aroundth1937 Around the Corner. Internet Archive. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Differentials are used on all modern [[automobile\|cars]] and [[truck\|trucks]], including [[AWD]] and [[4WD]] vehicles. Differentials serve the purpose of enabling the wheels of a vehicle to spin at speeds conducive to turning and changing directions. This usually requires that the wheels on the outside of a turn must spin at a faster speed and travel a further distance to keep up with the inner wheels and to accomplish the turn successfully. The differential is a device consisting of grinding meshes that enable this. It also provides torque or power from the [[engine\|engine]] to the wheels.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/Aroundth1937 Around the Corner. Internet Archive. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	Designed by [[Torsen]] and used primarily for AWD vehicles, this type of differential utilizes the functions of an [[Open differential\|open differential]] in the sense of dividing the torque between each wheel. When traction is lost in a wheel, the Torsen differential acts to produce a torque bias ratio that can provide for up to as much as five times the torque, depending on the design. Similar to [[Viscous coupling\|viscous coupling]], it transfers torque to the front or rear wheels as needed but goes even further in that it predicts when this is needed. One disadvantage to this is that, like other differentials, if a wheel leaves the ground, all wheels share the torque of that one, which is zero.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/differential.htm Differential. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Designed by [[Torsen]] and used primarily for [[all-wheel_drive\|AWD]] vehicles, this type of [[differential\|differential]] utilizes the functions of an [[Open differential\|open differential]] in the sense of dividing the torque between each wheel. When traction is lost in a wheel, the Torsen differential acts to produce a torque bias ratio that can provide for up to as much as five times the torque, depending on the design. Similar to [[Viscous coupling\|viscous coupling]], it transfers torque to the front or rear wheels as needed but goes even further in that it predicts when this is needed. One disadvantage to this is that, like other differentials, if a wheel leaves the ground, all wheels share the torque of that one, which is zero.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/differential.htm Differential. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	Other types of differentials include: [[Limited slip differential\|limited slip differential]], [[Open differential\|open differential]],  [[Viscous coupling\|viscous coupling]], and [[Locking differential\|locking differential]].	+	Other types of differentials include: [[Limited slip differential\|limited slip differential]], [[Open differential\|open differential]],  [[Viscous coupling\|viscous coupling]], and [[Locking differential\|locking differential]].

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Cylinder

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:14:22 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:14, 20 November 2009
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-	A '''cylinder''' is essentially the core of an engine. Inside the cylinder, a [[Piston\|piston]] moves up and down.	+	A '''cylinder''' is essentially the core of an [[engine\|engine]]. Inside the cylinder, a [[Piston\|piston]] moves up and down.

-	Most cars, for example, have more than one cylinder. Cylinders in multi-cylinder engines are arranged inline, in a V shape, or flat (also called horizontally opposed or boxer).<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine2.htm Auto Engine. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref> The arrangements of cylinders can vary.	+	Most [[automobile\|cars]], for example, have more than one cylinder. Cylinders in multi-cylinder engines are arranged inline, in a V shape, or flat (also called horizontally opposed or boxer).<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine2.htm Auto Engine. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref> The arrangements of cylinders can vary.

-	==== '''Series Engine''' ====	+	==== '''Series Engine''' ====

-	Cylinders are lined up next to each other leading in the same direction. Cylinders located in a series such as this are usually in long, narrow engines.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	Cylinders are lined up next to each other leading in the same direction. Cylinders located in a series such as this are usually in long, narrow engines.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	==== '''Opposed Cylinder Type Engine''' ====	+	==== '''Opposed Cylinder Type Engine''' ====

-	An engine that is shorter but broader than in a series type is known as an opposed cylinder-type engine. This type of cylinder configuration is expensive and more susceptible to damage because the cylinders are spread far apart and require separate camshafts and [[Carburetor\|carburetors]].<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	An engine that is shorter but broader than in a series type is known as an opposed cylinder-type engine. This type of cylinder configuration is expensive and more susceptible to damage because the cylinders are spread far apart and require separate camshafts and [[Carburetor\|carburetors]].<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	==== '''V-shape Cylinder Engine''' ====	+	==== '''V-shape Cylinder Engine''' ====

-	The V-shaped cylinder configuration is very common and a good combination of the other two designs available. The shape of the engine is not long or high and the cylinders are positioned closer together.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	The V-shaped cylinder configuration is very common and a good combination of the other two designs available. The shape of the engine is not long or high and the cylinders are positioned closer together.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/mehrzylinder.php3?v=2 Multiple Cylinder Engines. Start you Engines. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Powershift Transmission

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:07:33 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:07, 20 November 2009
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-	The '''powershift transmission''' is geared towards a smoother, faster, more convenient ride. Powershifting or [[Flatshifting\|flatshifting]] refers to a clutchless shift that uses a lever to move from [[Gear\|gear]] to gear while maintaining acceleration.<ref>[http://www.hondata.com/featuresshift.html Feature Shift. Hondata. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	The '''powershift transmission''' is geared towards a smoother, faster, more convenient ride. Powershifting or [[Flatshifting\|flatshifting]] refers to a clutchless shift that uses a lever to move from [[Gear\|gear]] to gear while maintaining acceleration.<ref>[http://www.hondata.com/featuresshift.html Feature Shift. Hondata. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	==== Double Transmission ====	+	==== Double Transmission ====

-	Powershifts have two [[Transmissions\|transmissions]] in one, operated by a dual clutch. They have [[Twin wet clutches\|twin wet clutches]] and a number of gears, which make it easy to switch from one gear to another automatically. Both of the wet clutches work on different levels without the help of the other. One [[Clutch\|clutch]] controls the odd-numbered gears and the other controls the even-numbered ones. The result is a “continuous flood of power without any disruption in power delivery or any torque loss.”<ref>[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/01/14/volvo-cars-launches-powershift-two-transmissions-in-one/ Volvo Cars Launches Powershift: Two Transmissions in One. Autobloggreen. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	Powershifts have two [[Transmissions\|transmissions]] in one, operated by a dual clutch. They have [[Twin wet clutches\|twin wet clutches]] and a number of gears, which make it easy to switch from one gear to another automatically. Both of the wet clutches work on different levels without the help of the other. One [[Clutch\|clutch]] controls the odd-numbered gears and the other controls the even-numbered ones. The result is a “continuous flood of power without any disruption in power delivery or any [[torque\|torque]] loss.”<ref>[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/01/14/volvo-cars-launches-powershift-two-transmissions-in-one/ Volvo Cars Launches Powershift: Two Transmissions in One. Autobloggreen. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	== How it Works ==	+	== How it Works ==

-	Each of the two wet clutches have their own input shafts which spiral within each other. With the use of [[Hydraulics\|hydraulics]], the clutch can operate the gears. Clutch plates rub together causing friction, which is pushed by a hydraulic [[Piston\|piston]]. This allows the gears to change automatically without torque loss.<ref>[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/01/14/volvo-cars-launches-powershift-two-transmissions-in-one/ Volvo Cars Launches Powershift: Two Transmissions in One. Autobloggreen. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	Each of the two wet clutches have their own input [[Shaft\|shafts]] which spiral within each other. With the use of [[Hydraulics\|hydraulics]], the clutch can operate the gears. Clutch plates rub together causing friction, which is pushed by a hydraulic [[Piston\|piston]]. This allows the gears to change automatically without torque loss.<ref>[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/01/14/volvo-cars-launches-powershift-two-transmissions-in-one/ Volvo Cars Launches Powershift: Two Transmissions in One. Autobloggreen. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Turbine

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:58:43 GMT

Zero Tail Swing

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:49:13 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Zero tail swing''', also referred to as '''zero swing''' or '''zero house swing''', is a feature by which the rear of a machine has the ability to rotate at the base or house while remaining within the width of its tracks.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_1_66/ai_59461314 Zero Tail Swing Feature Adds Versatility to Deere Compact Excavators. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref> This means the [[Cab\|cab]] will not overlap in the path of the machine's tracks.	+	'''Zero tail swing''', also referred to as '''zero swing''' or '''zero house swing''', is a feature by which the rear of a machine has the ability to rotate at the base or house while remaining within the width of its [[tracks\|tracks]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_1_66/ai_59461314 Zero Tail Swing Feature Adds Versatility to Deere Compact Excavators. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref> This means the [[Cab\|cab]] will not overlap in the path of the machine's tracks.

-	Today the most popular use of the zero tail swing feature is incorporated into the design of compact and [[Compact excavator\|mini excavators]]. The advantage of zero tail swing is that it provides mini excavators with additional flexibility to maneuver and operate within tight, confined spaces as well as in close proximity to walls, foundations, and other obstacles that may lie in the machine’s path.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_1_66/ai_59461314 Zero Tail Swing Feature Adds Versatility to Deere Compact Excavators. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref> In addition, the operator has a broader range of visibility.<ref>[http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6499486.html AC PPubs. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Today the most popular use of the zero tail swing feature is incorporated into the design of compact and [[Compact excavator\|mini excavators]]. The advantage of zero tail swing is that it provides mini excavators with additional flexibility to maneuver and operate within tight, confined spaces as well as in close proximity to walls, foundations, and other obstacles that may lie in the machine’s path.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_1_66/ai_59461314 Zero Tail Swing Feature Adds Versatility to Deere Compact Excavators. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref> In addition, the operator has a broader range of visibility.<ref>[http://www.acppubs.com/article/CA6499486.html AC PPubs. BNet. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	[[Yanmar]], a pioneer of small construction and building equipment for over 30 years, has been attributed as the inventor of the zero tail swing concept.<ref>[http://www.titanplant.co.nz/newequipment/excavators/yanmar/index.html Excavators. Titan Plant. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	[[Yanmar]], a pioneer of small [[construction\|construction]] and building equipment for over 30 years, has been attributed as the inventor of the zero tail swing concept.<ref>[http://www.titanplant.co.nz/newequipment/excavators/yanmar/index.html Excavators. Titan Plant. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Quick-attach Coupler

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:43:21 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, 20 November 2009
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-	A '''quick-attach coupler''' is a coupling mechanism whereby attachments can be quickly switched relatively fast and efficiently on a piece of equipment that utilizes a pin-on type of attachment system thereby giving the machine double-duty functionality and added versatility.	+	A '''quick-attach coupler''' is a coupling mechanism whereby [[Attachment\|attachments]] can be quickly switched relatively fast and efficiently on a piece of equipment that utilizes a pin-on type of attachment system thereby giving the machine double-duty functionality and added versatility.

-	Both mechanical and hydraulic quick couplers exist.<ref>[http://articles.directorym.net/Quick_Couplers_Are_Not_All_Alike_Washington_DC-r878651-Washington_DC.html Quick Couplers Are Not All Alike. Directory M. 2008-09-30]</ref> With mechanical couplers, the operator must switch the attachment manually. The hydraulic coupler, on the contrary, works to pick up the tool and establish a [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] hose connection simultaneously without the operator having to step out of the [[Cab\|cab]] of the machine. The huge advantage of this feature is it increases safety and enables the changing of attachments with relative ease out in the field. One machine with a few attachments can be used on the job site as opposed to having to haul more than one machine to do multiple tasks.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KWH/is_6_43/ai_n14809488 Quick-attach systems help scrap processors get more out of their material handling equipment. BNet. June 2005. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Both mechanical and hydraulic quick couplers exist.<ref>[http://articles.directorym.net/Quick_Couplers_Are_Not_All_Alike_Washington_DC-r878651-Washington_DC.html Quick Couplers Are Not All Alike. Directory M. 2008-09-30]</ref> With mechanical couplers, the operator must switch the attachment manually. The hydraulic coupler, on the contrary, works to pick up the tool and establish a [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] hose connection simultaneously without the operator having to step out of the [[Cab\|cab]] of the machine. The huge advantage of this feature is it increases safety and enables the changing of attachments with relative ease out in the field. One machine with a few attachments can be used on the job site as opposed to having to haul more than one machine to do multiple tasks.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KWH/is_6_43/ai_n14809488 Quick-attach systems help scrap processors get more out of their material handling equipment. BNet. June 2005. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	Quick-attach couplers have some limitations. Attachments on these couplers usually extend out further, resulting in a reduction in breakout force. The constant coupling and uncoupling of attachments also tends to lead to greater wear and tear on pins than on a direct attachment pin-on and places the machine at a greater risk for contaminant ingestion every time a hydraulic line is removed or reinstalled.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KWH/is_6_43/ai_n14809488 Quick-attach systems help scrap processors get more out of their material handling equipment. BNet. June 2005. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Quick-attach couplers have some limitations. Attachments on these couplers usually extend out further, resulting in a reduction in breakout force. The constant coupling and uncoupling of attachments also tends to lead to greater wear and tear on pins than on a direct attachment pin-on and places the machine at a greater risk for contaminant ingestion every time a hydraulic line is removed or reinstalled.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KWH/is_6_43/ai_n14809488 Quick-attach systems help scrap processors get more out of their material handling equipment. BNet. June 2005. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Talk:Auction

Devin Rose — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:40:13 GMT

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	----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>		----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>
-	~~== fretgpsolodens said ... ==~~
-
-	~~<div class='commentBlock'>~~
-	~~Full Free Porn movies. Enjoy free streaming porn and search our porn categories.~~
-	~~http://tiny.cc/freetgp~~
-
-	~~--fretgpsolodens 05:08, 20 November 2009 (PST)~~
-	~~</div>~~

Talk:Auction

207.44.134.33 — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 13:08:01 GMT

Comment provided by fretgpsolodens - via ArticleComments extension

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 20 November 2009
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	<comments></comments>		<comments></comments>
	----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>		----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>
		+	== fretgpsolodens said ... ==
		+
		+	<div class='commentBlock'>
		+	Full Free Porn movies. Enjoy free streaming porn and search our porn categories.
		+	http://tiny.cc/freetgp
		+
		+	--fretgpsolodens 05:08, 20 November 2009 (PST)
		+	</div>

Talk:RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers

76.99.98.103 — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:45:37 GMT

Comment provided by Harry Miller - via ArticleComments extension

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 20 November 2009
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	--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)		--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)
		+	</div>
		+	== Harry Miller said ... ==
		+
		+	<div class='commentBlock'>
		+	Question: What is the International Harvester (IH)logo meant to resemble?
		+	Answer: A man on a tractor (The dot of the letter I is his head, the letter H is the tractor chassis and wheels)
		+
		+	--Harry Miller 04:45, 20 November 2009 (PST)
	</div>		</div>

Talk:Caterpillar 518C Skidder

201.230.89.235 — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 11:05:08 GMT

Comment provided by Alberto Castillo - via ArticleComments extension

New page

<noinclude>Comments on [[Caterpillar 518C Skidder]]
<comments />
----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>

== Alberto Castillo said ... ==

<div class='commentBlock'>
Price and address.
please no graples

Contact express_cargo@hotmail.com

--Alberto Castillo 03:05, 20 November 2009 (PST)
</div>

Talk:RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers

75.12.145.44 — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 05:01:10 GMT

Comment provided by Jett Mitchell - via ArticleComments extension

New page

<noinclude>Comments on [[RitchieWiki Quiz 5 Answers]]
<comments />
----- __NOEDITSECTION__</noinclude>

== Jett Mitchell said ... ==

<div class='commentBlock'>
haven't missed one yet....

--Jett Mitchell 21:00, 19 November 2009 (PST)
</div>
== Jett Mitchell said ... ==

<div class='commentBlock'>
haven't missed one yet....

--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)
</div>
== Jett Mitchell said ... ==

<div class='commentBlock'>
haven't missed one yet....

--Jett Mitchell 21:01, 19 November 2009 (PST)
</div>

User:Ces255

Ces255 — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:33:35 GMT

<newuserlog-create-entry>

New page

Cofferdam

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:58:12 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 19 November 2009
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-	A '''cofferdam''' is a watertight and sometimes temporary structure built in place to facilitate construction projects in areas that are usually submerged such as bridges, piers, and shipyards. Also called a ''caisson'', the cofferdam is constructed within the work area and then the water is pumped out, exposing the floor bed and leaving it to dry so construction can be carried out, structural supports put in place, and repairs if any, made.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cofferdam.htm What is a Cofferdam. Wisegeek. 2008-09-30.]</ref> The structure must be tightly and properly constructed to ensure that the water is kept out of the exposed work area. Cofferdams are built using a variety of materials such as earth, wood, [[Concrete\|concrete]], and steel.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	A '''cofferdam''' is a watertight and sometimes temporary structure built in place to facilitate [[construction\|construction]] projects in areas that are usually submerged such as bridges, piers, and shipyards. Also called a ''caisson'', the cofferdam is constructed within the work area and then the water is [[pump\|pumped]] out, exposing the floor bed and leaving it to dry so construction can be carried out, structural supports put in place, and repairs if any, made.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cofferdam.htm What is a Cofferdam. Wisegeek. 2008-09-30.]</ref> The structure must be tightly and properly constructed to ensure that the water is kept out of the exposed work area. Cofferdams are built using a variety of materials such as earth, wood, [[Concrete\|concrete]], and [[steel\|steel]].<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== Earthen ====	+	==== Earthen ====

-	An earthen cofferdam is constructed by dumping earth fill into the water and shaped to surround the construction area. The use of earthen cofferdams are limited to sluggish, shallow waterways as the earth material can be carried away by strong tides or currents. It is also common to construct an earthen cofferdam in combination with a type of sheathing or cribbing.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	An earthen cofferdam is constructed by dumping earth fill into the water and shaped to surround the construction area. The use of earthen cofferdams are limited to sluggish, shallow waterways as the earth material can be carried away by strong tides or currents. It is also common to construct an earthen cofferdam in combination with a type of sheathing or cribbing.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== Wooden ====	+	==== Wooden ====

-	A wooden cofferdam uses wooden sheathing that is primarily interlocked timber sheathing driven as a single wall and supported by stringers and cross struts. It can also be driven in double rows as a wall. The rows of wooden sheathing are then connected and tied with braces.''<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>''	+	A wooden cofferdam uses wooden sheathing that is primarily interlocked timber sheathing driven as a single wall and supported by stringers and cross struts. It can also be driven in double rows as a wall. The rows of wooden sheathing are then connected and tied with braces.''<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>''

-	==== Steel ====	+	==== Steel ====

-	Steel cofferdams are the most commonly used. Steel sheet piling or sheet metal that comes in various shapes, sizes, and weight is interlocked and driven in a row to form a very tight structure. It is then additionally supported by a framework of stringers and struts.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Steel cofferdams are the most commonly used. Steel sheet piling or sheet metal that comes in various shapes, sizes, and weight is interlocked and driven in a row to form a very tight structure. It is then additionally supported by a framework of stringers and struts.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14044/css/14044_300.htm Construction. Integrated Publishing. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== Other ====	+	==== Other ====

-	Cofferdams can also be built with wooden or concrete cribbing that provides added stability to the structure’s walls. Another type of cofferdam is a double-walled structure that places filler of an [[Aggregate\|aggregate]] material in between the two walls.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cofferdam.htm What is a Cofferdam. Wisegeek. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Cofferdams can also be built with wooden or concrete cribbing that provides added stability to the structure’s walls. Another type of cofferdam is a double-walled structure that places filler of an [[Aggregate\|aggregate]] material in between the two walls.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cofferdam.htm What is a Cofferdam. Wisegeek. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References<br> ==	+	== References<br> ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

Gravel Pit

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:49:48 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:49, 19 November 2009
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-	A '''gravel pit''' is a quarry or open pit of gravel, used in [[Open-pit mining\|open-pit mining]] and other [[Excavation\|excavation]] applications. Gravel, a round stone deposited from rivers, is extracted from an open-cast hole in a series of operations involving many different types of machines. Typically, topsoil, which is blanketed atop gravel, is stripped from the surface using [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]] and other types of equipment specializing in the removal of [[Overburden\|overburden]]. During the extraction phase, machines such as [[Front loaders\|front loaders]] are used to dig and load gravel, depositing the load into [[Load haul dump trucks\|load haul dump trucks]]. Gravel pits are also the site of some processing and screening of the gravel. Gravel can be crushed, screened, and washed in or near the pit, but often the materials are transported to a different site to facilitate these steps. Once the gravel is weighed, it is transported from the site of the pit for further processing.<ref>[http://www.jcduff.com/Gravel%20Pit%20Operations.HTM Gravel Pit Operations]. J.C. Duff, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	A '''gravel pit''' is a [[quarry\|quarry]] or [[open-pit\|open pit]] of gravel, used in [[Open-pit mining\|open-pit mining]] and other [[Excavation\|excavation]] applications. Gravel, a round stone deposited from rivers, is extracted from an open-cast hole in a series of operations involving many different types of machines. Typically, topsoil, which is blanketed atop gravel, is stripped from the surface using [[Stripping shovels\|stripping shovels]] and other types of equipment specializing in the removal of [[Overburden\|overburden]]. During the extraction phase, machines such as [[Front loaders\|front loaders]] are used to dig and load gravel, depositing the load into [[Load haul dump trucks\|load haul dump trucks]]. Gravel pits are also the site of some processing and screening of the gravel. Gravel can be crushed, screened, and washed in or near the pit, but often the materials are transported to a different site to facilitate these steps. Once the gravel is weighed, it is transported from the site of the pit for further processing.<ref>[http://www.jcduff.com/Gravel%20Pit%20Operations.HTM Gravel Pit Operations]. J.C. Duff, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

New Austrian Tunneling Method

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:45:44 GMT

Valve

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:39:28 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:39, 19 November 2009
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-	A '''valve''' is an apparatus by which the flow of fluid or liquid materials is regulated by the valve being open, closed, or partially obstructed in a passageway.	+	A '''valve''' is an apparatus by which the flow of fluid or liquid materials is regulated by the valve being open, closed, or partially obstructed in a passageway.

-	In terms of engine mechanics, a valve is a mechanical device that regulates the passage of fuel into the [[Cylinder\|cylinder]] of an [[Internal combustion engine\|internal combustion engine]]. More specifically, the valve controls both the inflow of fuel and air into a combustion chamber as well as the outflow of spent combustion gases from the combustion chamber.<ref>[http://www.bikez.com/jargon/index.php Jargon. Bikez. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	In terms of [[engine\|engine]] mechanics, a valve is a mechanical device that regulates the passage of fuel into the [[Cylinder\|cylinder]] of an [[Internal combustion engine\|internal combustion engine]]. More specifically, the valve controls both the inflow of fuel and air into a combustion chamber as well as the outflow of spent combustion gases from the combustion chamber.<ref>[http://www.bikez.com/jargon/index.php Jargon. Bikez. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	Most modern engines use what is called a valve train. This valve train consists of valves and a mechanism that opens and closes the valves called a camshaft. Lobes on the camshaft move it up and down. An overhead camshaft in modern vehicles is a camshaft with valves located above it. The cams on the shaft activate the valves directly or through a short linkage. A timing belt also connects the crankshaft to the camshaft, allowing the valves to work in unison with the [[Piston\|pistons]] inside the cylinder. There are typically four valves per cylinder in modern vehicles -- two for intake and two for exhaust.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine4.htm Engine4. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Most modern engines use what is called a valve train. This valve train consists of valves and a mechanism that opens and closes the valves called a camshaft. Lobes on the camshaft move it up and down. An [[Overhead-valve engines\|overhead camshaft]] in modern vehicles is a camshaft with valves located above it. The cams on the shaft activate the valves directly or through a short linkage. A timing belt also connects the crankshaft to the camshaft, allowing the valves to work in unison with the [[Piston\|pistons]] inside the cylinder. There are typically four valves per cylinder in modern vehicles -- two for intake and two for exhaust.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine4.htm Engine4. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Spillway

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:25:02 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:25, 19 November 2009
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-	A '''spillway''' is a structure built in conjunction with man-made [[Dams\|dams]]. Its purpose is to provide a controlled escape for water when flooding occurs and water risks overtopping or overflowing the dam. Spillways are not typically used in the day-to-day operations of the dam and are only used in emergency occasions.	+	A '''spillway''' is a structure built in conjunction with man-made [[Dams\|dams]]. Its purpose is to provide a controlled escape for water when flooding occurs and water risks overtopping or overflowing the dam. Spillways are not typically used in the day-to-day operations of the dam and are only used in emergency occasions.

-	Even the largest dams, such as the [[Hoover Dam]], contain spillways. Spillways can come in several different types, including those with a controlled gate and those without.	+	Even the largest dams, such as the [[Hoover Dam]], contain spillways. Spillways can come in several different types, including those with a controlled gate and those without.

-	== History ==	+	== History ==

-	The first spillway was a siphon spillway. While siphons have been in use for more than 2,000 years, they were not used for spillways until approximately the 1840s. They made their way to Europe in the 1870s. The first spillways were not automatic like they are today. They had to have an ejector constructed within them to incite the water. Spillways with automatic priming tools appeared on the scene shortly afterwards in both Italy and Prussia. Although they weren’t the most efficient of spillways, their existence would prove pivotal for the construction of dams for the future to come.	+	The first spillway was a siphon spillway. While siphons have been in use for more than 2,000 years, they were not used for spillways until approximately the 1840s. They made their way to Europe in the 1870s. The first spillways were not automatic like they are today. They had to have an ejector constructed within them to incite the water. Spillways with automatic priming tools appeared on the scene shortly afterwards in both Italy and Prussia. Although they weren’t the most efficient of spillways, their existence would prove pivotal for the construction of dams for the future to come.

-	Spillways appeared in France and made their way to America in the 1900s. The first siphon spillway to be built in the U.S. was constructed either by engineer G.H. Stickney in 1909 or another engineer by the name of W.P. Creager.<ref>British Dam Society. Dams 2000. Paul Tedd, Ed. Thomas Telford: 2000.</ref>	+	Spillways appeared in France and made their way to America in the 1900s. The first siphon spillway to be built in the U.S. was constructed either by engineer G.H. Stickney in 1909 or another engineer by the name of W.P. Creager.<ref>British Dam Society. Dams 2000. Paul Tedd, Ed. Thomas Telford: 2000.</ref>

-	== How it Works ==	+	== How it Works ==

-	Spillways work in a similar manner to the overflow hole of a bathroom tub. When the water reaches the height of the spillway opening, it escapes through the hole, rather than overflowing the dam. Spillways are typically located at enough distance below the top of the dam to ensure that the structure does not reach dangerously high levels of flooding before the water is released through the spillway. The [[Hoover Dam]] spillway, for example, is 89 feet (27 m) below the dam's top. There is one spillway on either side of the dam.	+	Spillways work in a similar manner to the overflow hole of a bathroom tub. When the water reaches the height of the spillway opening, it escapes through the hole, rather than overflowing the dam. Spillways are typically located at enough distance below the top of the dam to ensure that the structure does not reach dangerously high levels of flooding before the water is released through the spillway. The [[Hoover Dam]] spillway, for example, is 89 feet (27 m) below the dam's top. There is one spillway on either side of the dam.

-	When water gets into the spillway, it is transported through tunnels that can be as much as 50 feet (15 m) in diameter and 600 feet (183 m) long. The spillway tunnels are constructed with an inverted design and eventually meet with the other [[Diversion tunnel\|diversion tunnel]].	+	When water gets into the spillway, it is transported through tunnels that can be as much as 50 feet (15 m) in diameter and 600 feet (183 m) long. The spillway tunnels are constructed with an inverted design and eventually meet with the other [[Diversion tunnel\|diversion tunnel]].

-	Spillways are constructed to contain a large volume of water. The Hoover Dam spillways, for example, are each capable of 200,000 cubic feet (5,663 m<sup>3</sup>) per second of water.	+	Spillways are constructed to contain a large volume of water. The Hoover Dam spillways, for example, are each capable of 200,000 cubic feet (5,663 m<sup>3</sup>) per second of water.

-	== Features ==	+	== Features ==

-	Spillways comprise steel drum gates and work to contain water that can be stored in the [[Reservoir\|reservoir]]. The Hoover Dam consists of four steel drum gates that are 100 feet (30 m) long, 16 feet (4.9 m) high and 5,000,000 pounds (2.3 million kg) each. They are automatically designed to raise and lower the gates as needed. The gate can be held in the raised position for as long as required by the water pressure.	+	Spillways comprise [[steel\|steel]] [[drum\|drum]] gates and work to contain water that can be stored in the [[Reservoir\|reservoir]]. The Hoover Dam consists of four steel drum gates that are 100 feet (30 m) long, 16 feet (4.9 m) high and 5,000,000 pounds (2.3 million kg) each. They are automatically designed to raise and lower the gates as needed. The gate can be held in the raised position for as long as required by the water pressure.

-	The Hoover Dam spillway has only been used twice in the history of its existence. On one occasion, it was a for a test; the second occasion was for a flood that occurred in 1983.<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/spillways.html Spillways]. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	The Hoover Dam spillway has only been used twice in the history of its existence. On one occasion, it was a for a test; the second occasion was for a flood that occurred in 1983.<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/essays/spillways.html Spillways]. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== Types ==	+	== Types ==

-	Spillways can be designed in the shape of tunnels or as open-cut channels, the latter being the most popular. Tunnel designs typically do not have as much capacity as the open-cut channels.	+	Spillways can be designed in the shape of tunnels or as open-cut channels, the latter being the most popular. Tunnel designs typically do not have as much capacity as the open-cut channels.

-	When designing a spillway dam, engineers consider factors such as the capacity of floodwater that a spillway should be able to manage, and how much it could handle.	+	When designing a spillway dam, engineers consider factors such as the capacity of floodwater that a spillway should be able to manage, and how much it could handle.

-	Controlled spillways are structures with built-in gates that can be opened and closed, regulating how much and for how long, water can escape through it. Uncontrolled spillways, on the other hand, do not consist of gates, and when water is released into the spillway hole, it is transported directly into a reservoir.	+	Controlled spillways are structures with built-in gates that can be opened and closed, regulating how much and for how long, water can escape through it. Uncontrolled spillways, on the other hand, do not consist of gates, and when water is released into the spillway hole, it is transported directly into a reservoir.

-	Another type of spillway is the inverted bell-shaped spillway. Also known as the morning glory, this type of spillway is uncontrolled and allows water to circle the perimeter of the bell before entering the spillway hole in the center.<ref>[http://members.optusnet.com.au/~engineeringgeologist/page21.html Spillways for Dams], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Another type of spillway is the inverted bell-shaped spillway. Also known as the morning glory, this type of spillway is uncontrolled and allows water to circle the perimeter of the bell before entering the spillway hole in the center.<ref>[http://members.optusnet.com.au/~engineeringgeologist/page21.html Spillways for Dams], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

Windrow

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:19:52 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 19 November 2009
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-	The term '''windrow''' refers to a row of cut or mowed hay or small grain crop. The hay is raked into a row with a ~~hay~~ [[~~Rake~~\|rake]] after being cut by a [[Mower\|mower]] or scythe. For smaller grains, a [[Swather\|swather]] simultaneously cuts the crop and forms a windrow. Placement of the hay in a windrow allows hay to dry faster before baling with a [[Baler\|baler]].<ref>[http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080709140303AAuoxWM Farming: Why is a windrow called a windrow?] Yahoo Answers, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	The term '''windrow''' refers to a row of cut or mowed hay or small grain crop. The hay is raked into a row with a [[Hay_rake\|hay rake]] after being cut by a [[Mower\|mower]] or scythe. For smaller grains, a [[Swather\|swather]] simultaneously cuts the crop and forms a windrow. Placement of the hay in a windrow allows hay to dry faster before baling with a [[Baler\|baler]].<ref>[http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080709140303AAuoxWM Farming: Why is a windrow called a windrow?] Yahoo Answers, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	The term can also apply to other types of debris piled in a long continuous row<ref>[http://www.pfmt.org/fire/glossary.htm#w Glossary]. PFMT.org, 2008-09-30.</ref> created during site preparation or clearing operations.<ref>LeBlanc, John W. [http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/departments/espm/extension/GLOSS.HTM Resources: Foresty Stewardship Glossary]. University of California, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	The term can also apply to other types of debris piled in a long continuous row<ref>[http://www.pfmt.org/fire/glossary.htm#w Glossary]. PFMT.org, 2008-09-30.</ref> created during site preparation or clearing operations.<ref>LeBlanc, John W. [http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/departments/espm/extension/GLOSS.HTM Resources: Foresty Stewardship Glossary]. University of California, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	For example, in snow removal, a snow windrow (also called a snow berm) is the portion of snow dispersed in a long row at the sides of the roadway after being plowed by a snowplow.<ref>[http://www.richmondhill.ca/documents/epw_windrow_ltr.pdf Snow Windrow Removal]. RichmondHill.ca, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	For example, in snow removal, a snow windrow (also called a snow berm) is the portion of snow dispersed in a long row at the sides of the roadway after being plowed by a snowplow.<ref>[http://www.richmondhill.ca/documents/epw_windrow_ltr.pdf Snow Windrow Removal]. RichmondHill.ca, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	A windrow is also a build-up of material along newly formed roads or graded earthworks. [[Dump trucks]] that disperse and lay down heaps of [[Road building\|roadbuilding]] material for gathering by a paving machine also form a windrow.<ref>[http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080709140303AAuoxWM Farming: Why is a windrow called a windrow?] Yahoo Answers, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	A windrow is also a build-up of material along newly formed roads or graded earthworks. [[Dump trucks]] that disperse and lay down heaps of [[Road building\|roadbuilding]] material for gathering by a paving machine also form a windrow.<ref>[http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080709140303AAuoxWM Farming: Why is a windrow called a windrow?] Yahoo Answers, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	In composting, a windrow applies to the concept of open composting -- compost is laid down in a row, left to stand, and regularly turned over until it reaches the required stage for use.<ref>[http://www.compost.me.uk/html/faqs.html FAQs]. Commercial Composting, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	In composting, a windrow applies to the concept of open composting -- compost is laid down in a row, left to stand, and regularly turned over until it reaches the required stage for use.<ref>[http://www.compost.me.uk/html/faqs.html FAQs]. Commercial Composting, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]

Occupational Health and Safety Administration

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:11:50 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 19 November 2009
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	In 1991, OSHA established the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to protect workers from this risk. It was revised in 2001 with the introduction of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, which focused on needle safety and more knowledgeable employees.		In 1991, OSHA established the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to protect workers from this risk. It was revised in 2001 with the introduction of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, which focused on needle safety and more knowledgeable employees.

-	In the 1990s, OSHA established regulations for working in confined spaces. Those working in areas such as manholes, inside ~~[[tank\|~~tanks]], pits, and [[~~bin~~\|bins]] were required to work in pairs. Air sampling requirements were also imposed in these situations.	+	In the 1990s, OSHA established regulations for working in confined spaces. Those working in areas such as manholes, inside tanks, pits, and [[Bin\|bins]] were required to work in pairs. Air sampling requirements were also imposed in these situations.

-	OSHA also implemented standards for work in [[Excavation\|excavation]] and trenches. Workers in [[Trenches\|trenches]] more than five feet (1.5 m) deep are required to wear protective gear. Furthermore, the storage of excavation equipment and materials must be safeguarded against sloping. Working in trenches 25 feet (7.6 m) deep or greater, workers are required to have an egress for easy escape in the event of a collapse or cave-in.<ref>[http://www.osha.gov/Publications/trench/trench_safety_tips_card.pdf OSHA Safety Tips]. U.S. Department of Labor, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	OSHA also implemented standards for work in [[Excavation\|excavation]] and trenches. Workers in [[Trenches\|trenches]] more than five feet (1.5 m) deep are required to wear protective gear. Furthermore, the storage of excavation equipment and materials must be safeguarded against sloping. Working in trenches 25 feet (7.6 m) deep or greater, workers are required to have an egress for easy escape in the event of a collapse or cave-in.<ref>[http://www.osha.gov/Publications/trench/trench_safety_tips_card.pdf OSHA Safety Tips]. U.S. Department of Labor, 2008-09-30.</ref>

	==== OSHA and Agriculture ====		==== OSHA and Agriculture ====

Tow Tractor

Ameliora — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:11:12 GMT

Redirecting to Truck Tractor

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 19 November 2009
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-	~~<br>~~[[~~Truck Tractor\|~~Truck Tractor]]	+	#REDIRECT [[Truck Tractor]]

Occupational Health and Safety Administration

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:10:29 GMT

thresher

Ameliora — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:10:06 GMT

Redirecting to Threshing Machine

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:10, 19 November 2009
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-	#redirect [[~~Thresher~~]]	+	#redirect [[Threshing Machine]]

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 23:02:36 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 19 November 2009
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-	The '''Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat''' ('''CTBUH''') is a non-profit organization sponsored by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and construction professionals. Its purpose is to provide best practice information on tall buildings and urban environments as well as facilitating business exchanges amongst the international tall building communities and to make the most recent information available to professionals.	+	The '''Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat''' ('''CTBUH''') is a non-profit organization sponsored by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and [[construction\|construction]] professionals. Its purpose is to provide best practice information on tall buildings and urban environments as well as facilitating business exchanges amongst the international tall building communities and to make the most recent information available to professionals.

-	The CTBUH is the arbiter of building heights and determiner of the title of “The World’s Tallest Building.”	+	The CTBUH is the arbiter of building heights and determiner of the title of “The World’s Tallest Building.”

-	The council is currently based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.	+	The council is currently based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

-	== History ==	+	== History ==

-	The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat originated as the “Joint Committee on Tall Buildings” in 1969. It was formed by the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers and the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].	+	The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat originated as the “Joint Committee on Tall Buildings” in 1969. It was formed by the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers and the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].

-	Initially, the Joint Committee was located at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.	+	Initially, the Joint Committee was located at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

-	By 1973, emphasis on planning and environmental criteria increased, resulting in a number of other prominent organizations becoming Sponsoring Societies of the Council.	+	By 1973, emphasis on planning and environmental criteria increased, resulting in a number of other prominent organizations becoming Sponsoring Societies of the Council.

-	In 1974, the Joint Committee was accepted as a consulting non-governmental organization to the United Nations’ UNESCO, under Category C. By 1979 it was admitted into Category B.	+	In 1974, the Joint Committee was accepted as a consulting non-governmental organization to the United Nations’ UNESCO, under Category C. By 1979 it was admitted into Category B.

-	In 1976, the committee changed its name to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.	+	In 1976, the committee changed its name to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.

-	The CTBUH relocated its headquarters in 2003 to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.	+	The CTBUH relocated its headquarters in 2003 to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

-	== Methods of Measurement ==	+	== Methods of Measurement ==

-	==== '''Height to Architectural Top''' ====	+	==== '''Height to Architectural Top''' ====

-	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, or flagpoles. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is used to define the rankings of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the World.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, or flagpoles. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is used to define the rankings of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the World.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	# [[Taipei 101]]	+	#[[Taipei 101]]
-	# [[Petronas Twin Towers]]	+	#[[Petronas Twin Towers]]
-	# [[Sears Tower]]	+	#[[Sears Tower]]
-	# [[Jin Mao Tower]]	+	#[[Jin Mao Tower]]
-	# [[Two International Finance Center]]	+	#[[Two International Finance Center]]

-	==== '''Highest Occupied Floor''' ====	+	==== '''Highest Occupied Floor''' ====

-	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest continually occupied floor within the building, not including maintenance areas.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest continually occupied floor within the building, not including maintenance areas.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	# Taipei 101	+	#Taipei 101
-	# Sears Tower	+	#Sears Tower
-	# Two International Finance Center	+	#Two International Finance Center
-	# Petronas Twin Towers	+	#Petronas Twin Towers
-	# [[Empire State Building]]	+	#[[Empire State Building]]

-	==== '''Height to Top of Roof''' ====	+	==== '''Height to Top of Roof''' ====

-	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest point of the building’s main roof level, not including spires or antennas.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest point of the building’s main roof level, not including spires or antennas.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	# Taipei 101	+	#Taipei 101
-	# Sears Tower	+	#Sears Tower
-	# Two International Finance Center	+	#Two International Finance Center
-	# Empire State Building	+	#Empire State Building
-	# Petronas Twin Towers	+	#Petronas Twin Towers

-	==== '''Height to Tip''' ====	+	==== '''Height to Tip''' ====

-	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of highest element including antennae, flagpoles or signage.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Height is measured from sidewalk level of the main entrance to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of highest element including antennae, flagpoles or signage.<ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Resources/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings]. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	# Sears Tower	+	#Sears Tower
-	# Taipei 101	+	#Taipei 101
-	# [[John Hancock Center]]	+	#[[John Hancock Center]]
-	# Petronas Twin Towers	+	#Petronas Twin Towers
-	# Empire State Building	+	#Empire State Building

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

-	== External Links ==	+	== External Links ==

-	* [http://www.ctbuh.org/ Official Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website]	+	*[http://www.ctbuh.org/ Official Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website]
-	* [http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Tallest/CTBUH_Tallest100.pdf 100 Tallest Buildings in the World]	+	*[http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Tallest/CTBUH_Tallest100.pdf 100 Tallest Buildings in the World]

	[[Category:Organizations_and_Associations]]		[[Category:Organizations_and_Associations]]

Chicago Testing Laboratory Inc.

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:57:58 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:57, 19 November 2009
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-	'''Chicago Testing Laboratory Inc.''' ('''CTL''') provides quality control and quality assurance for [[Asphalt\|asphalt]] materials, liquids, [[Aggregates\|aggregates]], [[Concrete\|concrete]], and soils. It also provides consulting for the geotechnical, environmental and construction materials engineering industries.	+	'''Chicago Testing Laboratory Inc.''' ('''CTL''') provides quality control and quality assurance for [[Asphalt\|asphalt]] materials, liquids, [[Aggregates\|aggregates]], [[Concrete\|concrete]], and soils. It also provides consulting for the geotechnical, environmental and [[construction\|construction]] materials engineering industries.

-	CTL designs proprietary and custom asphalt mixes for a wide variety of projects, from “superhighways to supermarkets.”<ref>[http://www.parking-net.com/IndustryDetails.aspx?CompanyID=12799&;CompanyTypeID=1&;CurrentPage=1 Chicago Testing Laboratory, Inc.]. Parking Network, 2008-09-30.</ref> It also offers testing, inspection, training, consulting, and research capabilities.	+	CTL designs proprietary and custom asphalt mixes for a wide variety of projects, from “superhighways to supermarkets.”<ref>[http://www.parking-net.com/IndustryDetails.aspx?CompanyID=12799&amp;;CompanyTypeID=1&amp;;CurrentPage=1 Chicago Testing Laboratory, Inc.]. Parking Network, 2008-09-30.</ref> It also offers testing, inspection, training, consulting, and research capabilities.

-	The company was founded in 1912.	+	The company was founded in 1912.

-	It currently has three locations in Illinois and one in Indiana.	+	It currently has three locations in Illinois and one in Indiana.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

-	== External Links ==	+	== External Links ==

-	* [http://www.chicagotestinglab.com/ Official Chicago Testing Laboratory Inc. website]	+	*[http://www.chicagotestinglab.com/ Official Chicago Testing Laboratory Inc. website]

	[[Category:Organizations_and_Associations]]		[[Category:Organizations_and_Associations]]

Conventional Tail Swing

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:56:18 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:56, 19 November 2009
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-	'''Conventional tail swing''' involves the cab or upper structure of a machine hanging and rotating over the width of the machine’s tracks. Conventional tail swing models are lighter and narrower than machines with [[Zero tail swing\|zero tail swing]] that tend to be built heavier and wider but have a greater range of rotation and increased maneuverability.<ref>[http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_small_talk/ Grounds Maintenance. Grounds-Mag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	'''Conventional tail swing''' involves the [[cab\|cab]] or upper structure of a machine hanging and rotating over the width of the machine’s [[Tracks\|tracks]]. Conventional tail swing models are lighter and narrower than machines with [[Zero tail swing\|zero tail swing]] that tend to be built heavier and wider but have a greater range of rotation and increased maneuverability.<ref>[http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_small_talk/ Grounds Maintenance. Grounds-Mag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	Mostly a feature on [[Excavators\|excavators]], the concept of conventional tail swing is significant to the capability of the excavator's [[Cab\|cab]] or upper structure to swing and rotate completely around.  All excavators were built as conventional tail swing units before zero tail swing models arrived on to the market.	+	Mostly a feature on [[Excavators\|excavators]], the concept of conventional tail swing is significant to the capability of the excavator's [[Cab\|cab]] or upper structure to swing and rotate completely around.  All excavators were built as conventional tail swing units before zero tail swing models arrived on to the market.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Gasoline

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:55:03 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 19 November 2009
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-	'''Gasoline''' is a fuel used to power [[Internal combustion engines\|internal combustion engines]]. Also known as aliphatic carbon, [[Gas\|gas]] is made from petroleum, a distilled crude oil that is pumped from the ground. The liquid contains hydrocarbon molecules. Gasoline or gas is the common term used to refer to this petroleum-based liquid. Commonwealth countries refer to it as petrol.	+	'''Gasoline''' is a fuel used to power [[Internal combustion engines\|internal combustion engines]]. Also known as aliphatic carbon, [[Gas\|gas]] is made from petroleum, a distilled crude [[oil\|oil]] that is [[Pumps\|pumped]] from the ground. The liquid contains hydrocarbon molecules. Gasoline or gas is the common term used to refer to this petroleum-based liquid. Commonwealth countries refer to it as petrol.

-	Different configurations of these molecules result in gas for various uses. Chains of molecules are linked together. The more chains that are linked, the heavier the gas becomes. Gas is produced from the chains from C7H16 through C11H24, which are blended together.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline.htm Gasoline. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	Different configurations of these molecules result in gas for various uses. Chains of molecules are linked together. The more chains that are linked, the heavier the gas becomes. Gas is produced from the chains from C7H16 through C11H24, which are blended together.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline.htm Gasoline. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	Although it has had many uses before its discovery as engine fuel, such as a treatment for lice and a cleaning fluid, gas is used primarily to source engines. It was discovered by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot of France in 1769 when he built the first-ever steam-powered engine. Many inventors tried their hand at different versions, but it was [[Gottlieb Daimler]] who introduced the modern prototype of the gas engine. His was a vertical [[Cylinder\|cylinder]] that hosted a [[Carburetor\|carburetor]] in which gasoline was injected. Invented in 1885 and patented two years later, it became the basis of the first two-wheeled, and then four-wheeled, vehicle.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsgasa.htm The History of the Automobile. About. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	Although it has had many uses before its discovery as engine fuel, such as a treatment for lice and a cleaning fluid, gas is used primarily to source engines. It was discovered by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot of France in 1769 when he built the first-ever [[steam_engines\|steam-powered engine]]. Many inventors tried their hand at different versions, but it was [[Gottlieb Daimler]] who introduced the modern prototype of the [[gasoline_engines\|gas engine]]. His was a vertical [[Cylinder\|cylinder]] that hosted a [[Carburetor\|carburetor]] in which gasoline was injected. Invented in 1885 and patented two years later, it became the basis of the first two-wheeled, and then four-wheeled, vehicle.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsgasa.htm The History of the Automobile. About. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	During the Second World War, a discovery was made that improved the octane rating of [[Gas\|gas]], simply by adding tetraethyl lead. It was later banned because it caused clogging in the catalytic converter, resulting in a malfunction, and also because it proved to be toxic to the environment. Since it has been banned, gas has become increasingly expensive. To date, only airplanes are permitted to use the lead-based petroleum. A grade 87 [[Octane\|octane]] is the lowest vehicles are permitted to use.<br>	+	During the Second World War, a discovery was made that improved the octane rating of [[Gas\|gas]], simply by adding tetraethyl lead. It was later banned because it caused clogging in the [[Catalytic Converter\|catalytic converter]], resulting in a malfunction, and also because it proved to be toxic to the environment. Since it has been banned, gas has become increasingly expensive. To date, only airplanes are permitted to use the lead-based petroleum. A grade 87 [[Octane\|octane]] is the lowest vehicles are permitted to use.<br>

-	Gasoline has many additives, one of which is methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE was added to gasoline in 1990 after the approval of the Clean Air Act, although it is claimed that MTBE can contaminate groundwater. If this is found to be true, it is likely that MTBE will be replaced with an alcohol-based liquid called ethanol.	+	Gasoline has many additives, one of which is methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE was added to gasoline in 1990 after the approval of the Clean Air Act, although it is claimed that MTBE can contaminate groundwater. If this is found to be true, it is likely that MTBE will be replaced with an alcohol-based liquid called ethanol.

-	The downsides to the use of gasoline include its hazardous emission of carbon dioxide, which is a poisonous gas, nitrogen oxides, which result in the smog that plagues larger cities, and unburned hydrocarbons, which adversely affects the ozone layer.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline.htm Gasoline. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	The downsides to the use of gasoline include its hazardous emission of carbon dioxide, which is a poisonous gas, nitrogen oxides, which result in the smog that plagues larger cities, and unburned hydrocarbons, which adversely affects the ozone layer.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline.htm Gasoline. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Materials]]		[[Category:Materials]]

Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:49:26 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:49, 19 November 2009
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-	The '''Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station''' is a [[Dam\|dam]] and [[Hydroelectric power plant\|hydroelectric power plant]] currently being constructed on the Jinsha River in China, located on the border of Yibin County of Sichuan Province and Shuifu County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China. When completed it will be China’s fourth largest dam and hydropower station, next to [[Three Gorges Dam]], [[Xiluodu Hydropower Station]], and [[Longtan Hydropower Station]].	+	The '''Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station''' is a [[Dam\|dam]] and [[Hydroelectric power plant\|hydroelectric power plant]] currently being constructed on the Jinsha River in China, located on the border of Yibin County of Sichuan Province and Shuifu County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China. When completed it will be China’s fourth largest dam and hydropower station, next to [[Three Gorges Dam]], [[Xiluodu Hydropower Station]], and [[Longtan Hydropower Station]].

-	It was designed to provide power generation, farmland [[Irrigation\|irrigation]], and [[Sediment\|sediment]] and flood control, as well as improved navigation downstream. The entire project includes the construction of both a dam and [[Hydroelectric power\|hydroelectric power]] plant. The project is estimated for completion in 2015 and the projected cost is US$3.7 billion (28.9 billion yuan).<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/11/28/2003338255 New dam to match Three Gorges' electricity output]. Taipei Times, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	It was designed to provide power generation, farmland [[Irrigation\|irrigation]], and [[Sediment\|sediment]] and flood control, as well as improved navigation downstream. The entire project includes the [[construction\|construction]] of both a dam and [[Hydroelectric power\|hydroelectric power]] plant. The project is estimated for completion in 2015 and the projected cost is US$3.7 billion (28.9 billion yuan).<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/11/28/2003338255 New dam to match Three Gorges' electricity output]. Taipei Times, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	The dam will be 2,982.37 feet (909.26 m) long and 528 feet (161 m) tall.<ref>Jing, Du; ed. [http://english.gov.cn/2005-12/15/content_281739.htm Gigantic hydropower plant to start construction in Sichuan] Chinese Government's Official Web Portal, December, 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	The dam will be 2,982.37 feet (909.26 m) long and 528 feet (161 m) tall.<ref>Jing, Du; ed. [http://english.gov.cn/2005-12/15/content_281739.htm Gigantic hydropower plant to start construction in Sichuan] Chinese Government's Official Web Portal, December, 2005. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	The hydropower plant will consist of eight [[Generators\|generators]], each with a generating capacity of 750 megawatts. The total capacity of the plant will be 6,000 megawatts<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power & Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>, with an annual output of 30.7 billion kilowatt-hours.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref> It will result in 14 million tons less coal burnt each year.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref> This will result in the elimination of 25 million tons of carbon dioxide and 30,000 tons of sulfur dioxides.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	The hydropower plant will consist of eight [[Generators\|generators]], each with a generating capacity of 750 megawatts. The total capacity of the plant will be 6,000 megawatts<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>, with an annual output of 30.7 billion kilowatt-hours.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref> It will result in 14 million tons less coal burnt each year.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref> This will result in the elimination of 25 million tons of carbon dioxide and 30,000 tons of sulfur dioxides.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	The station will displace approximately 88,000 to 150,000 people.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/11/28/2003338255 New dam to match Three Gorges' electricity output]. Taipei Times, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	The station will displace approximately 88,000 to 150,000 people.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/11/28/2003338255 New dam to match Three Gorges' electricity output]. Taipei Times, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	== Construction History ==	+	== Construction History ==

-	China is heavily reliant on coal for much of its power generation, which has resulted in a number of environmental problems, most notably huge smog clouds. So in recent history China has begun constructing dams and hydroelectric plants throughout the country. They are intended to develop western China by harnessing its abundance of water resources, meanwhile decreasing the country’s dependence on coal. By 2020 the Chinese government hopes to reach national hydro generating capacity of 270 gigawatts.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power & Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	China is heavily reliant on [[coal\|coal]] for much of its power generation, which has resulted in a number of environmental problems, most notably huge smog clouds. So in recent history China has begun constructing dams and [[Hydroelectric\|hydroelectric]] plants throughout the country. They are intended to develop western China by harnessing its abundance of water resources, meanwhile decreasing the country’s dependence on coal. By 2020 the Chinese government hopes to reach national hydro generating capacity of 270 gigawatts.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	[[China’s Three Gorges Project Corporation\|China’s Three Gorges Project Corp.]] (CTGPC) designed four dams to work in conjunction with the Three Gorges Dam: [[Xiluodu]], [[Wudongde]], [[Beihetan]], and [[Xiangjiaba]]. They are all designed to serve the same purpose of Three Gorges, but will also help battle a growing sediment buildup problem. In fact, some estimates predict that Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba together could cut 30 to 40 percent off the estimated 320 million to 350 million tons of silt annually.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power & Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	[[China’s Three Gorges Project Corporation\|China’s Three Gorges Project Corp.]] (CTGPC) designed four dams to work in conjunction with the Three Gorges Dam: [[Xiluodu]], [[Wudongde]], [[Beihetan]], and [[Xiangjiaba]]. They are all designed to serve the same purpose of Three Gorges, but will also help battle a growing sediment buildup problem. In fact, some estimates predict that Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba together could cut 30 to 40 percent off the estimated 320 million to 350 million tons of silt annually.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	The Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station was originally proposed in 1957, but construction did not begin until nearly 50 years later on November 26, 2006.	+	The Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station was originally proposed in 1957, but construction did not begin until nearly 50 years later on November 26, 2006.

-	The project is expected to face a series of challenging geological conditions, including being built in an earthquake zone and on top of a thermal spring. Some geologists believe geothermal activity results in an increased potential for earthquakes.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power & Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	The project is expected to face a series of challenging geological conditions, including being built in an earthquake zone and on top of a thermal spring. Some geologists believe geothermal activity results in an increased potential for earthquakes.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>
-	<blockquote>“This earthquake-prone area, with friable rock and extensive alluvial benches, is seriously unstable along many steep slopes, and mud slides and large slope slippages have occurred.”<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power & Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref></blockquote>	+	<blockquote>“This earthquake-prone area, with friable rock and extensive alluvial benches, is seriously unstable along many steep slopes, and mud slides and large slope slippages have occurred.”<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2042857 A trip to Xiangjiaba]. International Water Power &amp; Dam Construction, February, 2007. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref></blockquote>
-	The CTGPC has allocated US$184.8 million (1.46 billion yuan) for environmental protection, including a plan to establish an aquatic protection zone for some rare species of fish.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	The CTGPC has allocated US$184.8 million (1.46 billion yuan) for environmental protection, including a plan to establish an aquatic protection zone for some rare species of fish.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	==== Relocation ====	+	==== Relocation ====

-	Estimates for the amount of people to be displaced by this project vary extensively. It could be anywhere from 88,000 to 150,000. However, when construction began in November 2006 executives in charge of resettlement estimated that at least 8,000 people had already vacated their homes.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>	+	Estimates for the amount of people to be displaced by this project vary extensively. It could be anywhere from 88,000 to 150,000. However, when construction began in November 2006 executives in charge of resettlement estimated that at least 8,000 people had already vacated their homes.<ref>[http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/environment/190278.htm China Plans a Dozen Hydro Stations on Jinsha River]. China Daily, November, 2006. (accessed: 2008-09-24)</ref>

-	== Equipment Used ==	+	== Equipment Used ==

-	* [[Crawler tractor]]	+	*[[Crawler tractor]]
-	* [[Hydraulic excavator]]	+	*[[Hydraulic excavator]]
-	* [[Rock truck]]	+	*[[Rock truck]]
-	* [[Wheel loader]]	+	*[[Wheel loader]]

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Dams]]		[[Category:Dams]]

Taipei 101

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:46:21 GMT

Show changes

EKATI Diamond Mine

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:38:11 GMT

Show changes

Lavender Open Pit Mine

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:29:31 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:29, 19 November 2009
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-	[[Image:Lavender Pit.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300x300px\|Lavender Open Pit Mine]]The '''Lavender Open Pit Mine''' is an open-pit copper mine located near Bisbee in Cochise County, Arizona. The Lavender Open Pit Mine operation, carried out by Phelps Dodge Corp. and named after the its vice president and general manager, Harrison M. Lavender, began in 1950. The Lavender Mine was used to mine copper deposits before operations came to a halt in 1974 when copper prices plummeted. The mine produced more than 75 million tons of ore in its existence, resulting from the excavation of 351 tons of material.	+	[[Image:Lavender Pit.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300x300px\|Lavender Open Pit Mine]]The '''Lavender Open Pit Mine''' is an [[Open-pit_mine\|open-pit]] copper mine located near Bisbee in Cochise County, Arizona. The Lavender Open Pit Mine operation, carried out by Phelps Dodge Corp. and named after the its vice president and general manager, Harrison M. Lavender, began in 1950. The Lavender Mine was used to mine copper deposits before operations came to a halt in 1974 when copper prices plummeted. The mine produced more than 75 million tons of [[ore\|ore]] in its existence, resulting from the excavation of 351 tons of material.

-	The mine produced a variety of minerals, mostly copper, but also silver, gold, and turquoise.	+	The mine produced a variety of minerals, mostly copper, but also silver, [[gold\|gold]], and turquoise.

-	== Construction History ==	+	== Construction History ==

-	When Phelps Dodge Corp. opened the Lavender Open Pit Mine in 1950, it consisted of porphyry copper deposits and an assortment of ores with low grade disseminated chalcocite containing copper and zinc sulfides.	+	When Phelps Dodge Corp. opened the Lavender Open Pit Mine in 1950, it consisted of porphyry copper deposits and an assortment of [[ore\|ores]] with low grade disseminated chalcocite containing copper and zinc sulfides.

-	Work did not begin until 1954 and the first line of work involved pre-mineralization faulting and tilting of the nearby structures. Before the minerals could be extracted, a series of underground [[Tunnels\|tunnels]] and [[Mine shaft\|mine shafts]] were constructed. It wasn’t until 1951 that Harrison Lavender decided that the best way to operate the mine would be by [[Open pit\|open pit]]. Lavender thought [[Mining\|mining]] in an [[Open-pit mine\|open pit mine]] would minimize costs. When the decision was made, miners set to work and constructed 50-foot (15-m) benches and loading holes. The holes were drilled as deep as 60 feet (18 m) with 1,200 pounds (544 kg) of blasting material. The blasting method proved efficient and nearly 75,000 tons of rock was blasted during blasting operations that occurred at 3:25pm each afternoon until it was completed.<ref>[http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/2652/ Lavender Pit Mine]. Virtual Globetrotting, 2008-09-25.</ref>	+	Work did not begin until 1954 and the first line of work involved pre-mineralization faulting and tilting of the nearby structures. Before the minerals could be extracted, a series of underground [[Tunnels\|tunnels]] and [[Mine shaft\|mine shafts]] were constructed. It wasn’t until 1951 that Harrison Lavender decided that the best way to operate the mine would be by [[Open pit\|open pit]]. Lavender thought [[Mining\|mining]] in an [[Open-pit mine\|open pit mine]] would minimize costs. When the decision was made, miners set to work and constructed 50-foot (15-m) benches and loading holes. The holes were drilled as deep as 60 feet (18 m) with 1,200 pounds (544 kg) of blasting material. The blasting method proved efficient and nearly 75,000 tons of rock was blasted during blasting operations that occurred at 3:25pm each afternoon until it was completed.<ref>[http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/2652/ Lavender Pit Mine]. Virtual Globetrotting, 2008-09-25.</ref>

-	The mine covered an area measuring 300 acres (121.4 ha) and delved as deep as 900 feet (274 m). The [[Overburden\|overburden]] was excavated using a series of excavators that stripped the surface. 256 million tons of rock was removed and dumped in and around Bisbee, usually in Warren and the Mule Mountains region.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/loc-3304.html</ref>	+	The mine covered an area measuring 300 acres (121.4 ha) and delved as deep as 900 feet (274 m). The [[Overburden\|overburden]] was excavated using a series of [[excavator\|excavators]] that stripped the surface. 256 million tons of rock was removed and dumped in and around Bisbee, usually in Warren and the Mule Mountains region.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/loc-3304.html</ref>

-	==== Ceasing Production ====	+	==== Ceasing Production ====

-	Production in the mine came to a halt when the price of copper decreased significantly. The 300-acre (121.4-ha), 950-foot (289.5-m) deep pit was abandoned.<ref>[http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/2652/ Lavender Pit Mine]. Virtual Globetrotting, 2008-09-25.</ref>	+	Production in the mine came to a halt when the price of copper decreased significantly. The 300-acre (121.4-ha), 950-foot (289.5-m) deep pit was abandoned.<ref>[http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/2652/ Lavender Pit Mine]. Virtual Globetrotting, 2008-09-25.</ref>

-	From 1954 to 1974, production amounted to more than 75 million tons of ore. Of this, 0.7 percent (600,000 tons) was copper, with gold and silver being produced as byproducts.	+	From 1954 to 1974, production amounted to more than 75 million tons of ore. Of this, 0.7 percent (600,000 tons) was copper, with [[gold\|gold]] and silver being produced as byproducts.

-	== Equipment Used ==	+	== Equipment Used ==

-	* [[Drill]]	+	*[[Drill]]
-	* [[Shovel]]	+	*[[Shovel]]

-	== Refurbishment/Recent Projects/Renovations ==	+	== Refurbishment/Recent Projects/Renovations ==

-	The Cochise deposit is located to the north of the Lavender pit. Although it remains inactive, there may be plans to develop it in the future, as it currently contains approximately 190 million tons of rock, or 0.4 percent acid-soluble copper.	+	The Cochise deposit is located to the north of the Lavender pit. Although it remains inactive, there may be plans to develop it in the future, as it currently contains approximately 190 million tons of rock, or 0.4 percent acid-soluble copper.

-	== Unique Facts ==	+	== Unique Facts ==

-	* Although the mine is closed down it still garners interest from tourists who come from all over the world to visit one of the oldest copper mines in Arizona. The tour is narrated by retired miners and revolves around the tools and methods that were carried out in the mine, including old drilling tools, blasting methods, and ore loading.<ref>[http://www.arizonaheritagetraveler.org Official Arizona Heritage Traveler website]</ref>	+	*Although the mine is closed down it still garners interest from tourists who come from all over the world to visit one of the oldest copper mines in Arizona. The tour is narrated by retired miners and revolves around the tools and methods that were carried out in the mine, including old drilling tools, blasting methods, and ore loading.<ref>[http://www.arizonaheritagetraveler.org Official Arizona Heritage Traveler website]</ref>
-	* The turquoise mined in Bisbee, also known as Bisbee Blue, is some of the most sought after and valuable turquoise in the world.	+	*The turquoise mined in Bisbee, also known as Bisbee Blue, is some of the most sought after and valuable turquoise in the world.
-	* Turqouise is usually mined in small scales, as there is not a large demand for it.	+	*Turqouise is usually mined in small scales, as there is not a large demand for it.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mines]]		[[Category:Mines]]

Minimal tail swing

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:23:02 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:23, 19 November 2009
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-	'''Minimal tail swing''' refers to a [[Zero tail swing\|zero tail swing]] unit that has an additional bolt-on [[Counterweight\|counterweight]] and where only a small portion of the upper [[Cab\|cab]] or structure extends outside the width of the machine’s tracks.<ref>[http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_small_talk/ Grounds Maintenance. Grounds-Mag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	'''Minimal tail swing''' refers to a [[Zero tail swing\|zero tail swing]] unit that has an additional bolt-on [[Counterweight\|counterweight]] and where only a small portion of the upper [[Cab\|cab]] or structure extends outside the width of the machine’s [[Tracks\|tracks]].<ref>[http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_small_talk/ Grounds Maintenance. Grounds-Mag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Lattice Boom

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:22:22 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:22, 19 November 2009
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-	The '''lattice boom''' is a type of [[Boom\|boom]] or arm on a [[Crane\|crane]]. On ~~the~~ lattice boom crane, this type of boom is raised and lowered by a series of ~~wire ropes~~ that are powered mechanically. The lattice boom is used in applications where large and excessively heavy items must be raised.	+	The '''lattice boom''' is a type of [[Boom\|boom]] or arm on a [[Crane\|crane]]. On a lattice boom crane, this type of boom is raised and lowered by a series of [[Guy_Wire\|guy wires]] that are powered mechanically. The lattice boom is used in applications where large and excessively heavy items must be raised.

-	The lattice shape of the boom comprises a series of lightweight intermeshing high-strength [[Alloy\|alloy]] tubular or [[Steel\|steel]] rods that provide the boom with the support to lift heavy items that would cause strain on a typical crane boom. Lattice booms normally consist of a boom butt, a boom tip, and extensions throughout, which can be added or removed for whatever length is desired.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css/14081_304.htm Engine. TPub. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	The lattice shape of the boom comprises a series of lightweight intermeshing high-strength [[Alloy\|alloy]] tubular or [[Steel\|steel]] rods that provide the boom with the support to lift heavy items that would cause strain on a typical crane boom. Lattice booms normally consist of a boom butt, a boom tip, and extensions throughout, which can be added or removed for whatever length is desired.<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css/14081_304.htm Engine. TPub. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	The world’s largest lattice boom machine is the [[Terex Demag CC8800-1 Twin]], a crawler crane weighing 1,763 tons with a lifting capacity of 3,527 tons.<ref>[http://www.demag24.com/r_en/ homepage. Demag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>	+	The world’s largest lattice boom machine is the [[Terex Demag CC8800-1 Twin]], a crawler crane weighing 1,763 tons with a lifting capacity of 3,527 tons.<ref>[http://www.demag24.com/r_en/ homepage. Demag. 2008-09-29.]</ref>

-	Lattice booms are prone to rusting, damaged lacings and cords, so the lattice boom and any extensions that are not in use must be stored and transported with the utmost care.	+	Lattice booms are prone to rusting, damaged lacings and cords, so the lattice boom and any extensions that are not in use must be stored and transported with the utmost care.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

Sprocket

Devin Rose — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 22:18:22 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:18, 19 November 2009
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-	A '''sprocket''' is a metal wheel with successive teeth. A series of sprockets makes up chains that can be used in a series of different mechanisms.	+	A '''sprocket''' is a metal wheel with successive teeth. A series of sprockets makes up chains that can be used in a series of different mechanisms.

-	With the help of sprockets, equipment with [[Crawlers\|crawlers]], such as [[Crawler tractors\|crawler tractors]], [[Loaders\|loaders]], and [[Cranes\|cranes]], can travel over soft or moist surfaces without sinking.	+	With the help of sprockets, equipment with [[Crawlers\|crawlers]], such as [[Crawler tractors\|crawler tractors]], [[Loaders\|loaders]], and [[Cranes\|cranes]], can travel over soft or moist surfaces without sinking.

-	Sprockets can also be used in systems where there is no [[Transmission\|transmission]]. [[~~Skid Steer loaders~~\|Skid steer loaders]] and [[Multi-terrain loader\|multi-terrain loaders]] are powered by [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] [[Motors\|motors]] which are connected to a sprocket chain that distributes the power to their wheels. With the sprockets and chains, the loader is able to provide hydraulic power from the motor to the wheels while also providing [[Gear\|gear]] reduction and increased [[Torque\|torque]]. In this kind of system, the sprocket and chain duo is most effective when kept lubricated by oil.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/skid-steer2.htm Sprocket. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Sprockets can also be used in systems where there is no [[Transmission\|transmission]]. [[Skid_steer_loaders\|Skid steer loaders]] and [[Multi-terrain loader\|multi-terrain loaders]] are powered by [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] [[Motors\|motors]] which are connected to a sprocket chain that distributes the power to their wheels. With the sprockets and chains, the loader is able to provide [[hydraulic\|hydraulic]] power from the motor to the wheels while also providing [[Gear\|gear]] reduction and increased [[Torque\|torque]]. In this kind of system, the sprocket and chain duo is most effective when kept lubricated by [[oil\|oil]].<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/skid-steer2.htm Sprocket. Howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	The sprocket is made functional when the teeth of the wheel intermesh with either a chain or track in order to create a profiling mechanism. Sprockets are not to be mistaken for gears, which directly intermesh with one another.	+	The sprocket is made functional when the teeth of the wheel intermesh with either a chain or track in order to create a profiling mechanism. Sprockets are not to be mistaken for [[Gears\|gears]], which directly intermesh with one another.

-	Sprockets come in four different configurations. They are:	+	Sprockets come in four different configurations. They are:

-	* Plain plate sprocket	+	*Plain plate sprocket
-	* Hub on one side	+	*Hub on one side
-	* Hub on both sides	+	*Hub on both sides
-	* Detachable hub	+	*Detachable hub

-	A sprocket’s dimensions are found by determining the pitch of the chain, P, and the number of teeth on the sprocket, N.<ref>[http://www.gizmology.net/sprockets.htm Sprockets. Gizmology. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	A sprocket’s dimensions are found by determining the pitch of the chain, P, and the number of teeth on the sprocket, N.<ref>[http://www.gizmology.net/sprockets.htm Sprockets. Gizmology. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:50, 20 November 2009
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-	'''Concrete''' is a hard and strong construction material consisting of a mixture of [[aggregate]], [[cement]], and water. It is used to build roads, bridges, factories, airports, waterways, and a wealth of other architectural structures.	+	'''Concrete''' is a hard and strong [[construction\|construction]] material consisting of a mixture of [[aggregate]], [[cement]], and water. It is used to [[road construction\|build roads]], [[Bridges\|bridges]], factories, airports, waterways, and a wealth of other architectural structures.

-	The strength, durability, and consistency of the concrete are entirely reliant upon its mixture. Main ingredients include fine and coarse aggregate, cement, and water. A basic mixture is one part cement, two parts fine mineral aggregate, and four parts coarse mineral aggregate.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/concrete Concrete. Answers.com. 2008-09-28.]</ref> The amount of water added to the mix is of the utmost importance because it directly affects the strength and workability of the concrete. A low water to cement ratio results in stronger, but less fluid and workable, concrete, whereas a high water to cement ratio has the reverse effect.	+	The strength, durability, and consistency of the concrete are entirely reliant upon its mixture. Main ingredients include fine and coarse aggregate, cement, and water. A basic mixture is one part cement, two parts fine mineral aggregate, and four parts coarse mineral aggregate.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/concrete Concrete. Answers.com. 2008-09-28.]</ref> The amount of water added to the mix is of the utmost importance because it directly affects the strength and workability of the concrete. A low water to cement ratio results in stronger, but less fluid and workable, concrete, whereas a high water to cement ratio has the reverse effect.

-	Water chemically reacts with the cement through a process called “hydration,” which creates a paste to coat the aggregate. As the paste hardens, the aggregate is bound together.	+	Water chemically reacts with the cement through a process called “hydration,” which creates a paste to coat the aggregate. As the paste hardens, the aggregate is bound together.

-	There are also many types of materials that can be added to the mixture to alter the consistency, speed of curing, and strength of the concrete. These materials are called admixtures.	+	There are also many types of materials that can be added to the mixture to alter the consistency, speed of curing, and strength of the concrete. These materials are called admixtures.

-	An '''accelerating admixture''' reduces the setting time, which is helpful for jobs that require the concrete to dry quickly (i.e. road repair).	+	An '''accelerating admixture''' reduces the setting time, which is helpful for jobs that require the concrete to dry quickly (i.e. road repair).

-	A '''retarding admixture''' delays the setting time, which is often useful in warm climates or special finishing operations.	+	A '''retarding admixture''' delays the setting time, which is often useful in warm climates or special finishing operations.

-	'''Fly Ash''' is another type of admixture. It can replace 15 to 30 percent of the cement in the mixture, which improves the concrete’s workability and reduces the amount of heat it generates.	+	'''Fly Ash''' is another type of admixture. It can replace 15 to 30 percent of the cement in the mixture, which improves the concrete’s workability and reduces the amount of heat it generates.

-	An '''air-entraining admixture''' infuses the concrete with microscopic bubbles, which allows it to avoid being damaged by freezing, thawing, and deicing salts. Frozen water expands into the air bubbles instead of damaging the concrete. The air-entraining admixture also improves workability.	+	An '''air-entraining admixture''' infuses the concrete with microscopic bubbles, which allows it to avoid being damaged by freezing, thawing, and deicing salts. Frozen water expands into the air bubbles instead of damaging the concrete. The air-entraining admixture also improves workability.

-	A '''water-reducing admixture''' reduces the amount of water needed for the concrete mixture.	+	A '''water-reducing admixture''' reduces the amount of water needed for the concrete mixture.

-	A '''platicizing admixture''' helps to increase the concrete's workability so it can be easily placed. These mixtures usually have a reduced water content to improve the concrete’s strength and durability.	+	A '''platicizing admixture''' helps to increase the concrete's workability so it can be easily placed. These mixtures usually have a reduced water content to improve the concrete’s strength and durability.

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Materials]]		[[Category:Materials]]

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 20 November 2009
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-	A turbine is an engine that extracts energy from fluid in the form of water, air, steam, or a combustible [[Gas\|gas]], and transforms it into mechanical energy. Turbines are typically classified as either [[Impulse turbine\|impulse turbines]] or [[Reaction turbine\|reaction turbines]], depending on how they operate. The four different types of turbines include [[Wind turbine\|wind turbines]], [[Hydraulic turbine\|hydraulic turbines]] or water turbines, [[Steam turbine\|steam turbines]], and [[Gas turbine\|gas turbines]].	+	A turbine is an engine that extracts energy from fluid in the form of water, air, [[Steam-powered\|steam]], or a combustible [[Gas\|gas]], and transforms it into mechanical energy. Turbines are typically classified as either [[Impulse turbine\|impulse turbines]] or [[Reaction turbine\|reaction turbines]], depending on how they operate. The four different types of turbines include [[Wind turbine\|wind turbines]], [[Hydraulic turbine\|hydraulic turbines]] or water turbines, [[Steam turbine\|steam turbines]], and [[Gas turbine\|gas turbines]].

-	== History ==	+	== History ==

-	Claude Burdin, a French mining engineer, coined the term turbine in 1828 when he was awarded a prize for his publication of a plausible and efficient type of water turbine. The term turbine derived from the Latin "turbo" which refers to a whirling or spinning top.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7030/Turbine-History.html Turbine History. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref> A student of Burdin by the name of Benoit Fourneyron developed upon his ideas and eventually invented what was considered the world’s first modern type [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] turbine. This turbine was a reaction type turbine of six [[Horsepower\|horsepower]] featuring a distributor that guided water flow so that the water acted more efficiently upon the blades. Burdin went on to produce larger sized, more powerful hydraulic turbines that operated under higher pressure. This paved the way for the development of other types of turbines to be built that used alternative sources to produce energy such as steam and gas.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7030/Turbine-History.html Turbine History. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Claude Burdin, a French mining engineer, coined the term turbine in 1828 when he was awarded a prize for his publication of a plausible and efficient type of water turbine. The term turbine derived from the Latin "turbo" which refers to a whirling or spinning top.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7030/Turbine-History.html Turbine History. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref> A student of Burdin by the name of Benoit Fourneyron developed upon his ideas and eventually invented what was considered the world’s first modern type [[Hydraulic\|hydraulic]] turbine. This turbine was a reaction type turbine of six [[Horsepower\|horsepower]] featuring a distributor that guided water flow so that the water acted more efficiently upon the blades. Burdin went on to produce larger sized, more powerful hydraulic turbines that operated under higher pressure. This paved the way for the development of other types of turbines to be built that used alternative sources to produce energy such as steam and gas.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7030/Turbine-History.html Turbine History. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== How it Works ==	+	== How it Works ==

-	Turbines are typically tube shaped and consist of a series of blades that produce a rotating action. Fluid enters the turbine at one end, pushing against the blades and causing them to spin. As a result, the fluid gets dispersed out the opposite end of the turbine from where it entered. All turbines operate on the premise that the amount of energy gained during the intake of fluid or combustible gas into the turbine will always be greater than the fluid or gas outtake because the turbine will always capture a part of the energy produced.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-turbine.htm What is a Turbine. Wisegeek.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Turbines are typically tube shaped and consist of a series of blades that produce a rotating action. Fluid enters the turbine at one end, pushing against the blades and causing them to spin. As a result, the fluid gets dispersed out the opposite end of the turbine from where it entered. All turbines operate on the premise that the amount of energy gained during the intake of fluid or combustible gas into the turbine will always be greater than the fluid or gas outtake because the turbine will always capture a part of the energy produced.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-turbine.htm What is a Turbine. Wisegeek.com. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== Types ==	+	== Types ==

-	==== '''[[Steam turbine\|Steam Turbines]]''' ====	+	==== '''[[Steam turbine\|Steam Turbines]]''' ====

-	Steam turbines transform thermal energy into steam to do mechanical work. A [[Steam engine\|steam engine]] was the earliest form of a type of steam turbine. Steam turbines were used in marine propulsion and in powering electricity. Today steam turbines fueled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy used to drive generators in electrical power plants.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Steam turbines transform thermal energy into steam to do mechanical work. A [[Steam engine\|steam engine]] was the earliest form of a type of steam turbine. Steam turbines were used in marine propulsion and in powering electricity. Today steam turbines fueled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy used to drive generators in electrical power plants.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== '''[[Hydraulic Turbines]]''' ====	+	==== '''[[Hydraulic Turbines]]''' ====

-	Also known as water turbines, these are mostly associated with [[Dam\|dams]] and the generation of [[Hydroelectric power\|hydroelectric power]]. Hydraulic turbines are a kind of [[Impulse turbine\|impulse turbine]] because they are operable by the rapid flowing or falling of water.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Also known as water turbines, these are mostly associated with [[Dam\|dams]] and the generation of [[Hydroelectric power\|hydroelectric power]]. Hydraulic turbines are a kind of [[Impulse turbine\|impulse turbine]] because they are operable by the rapid flowing or falling of water.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== '''[[Wind turbine\|Wind Turbines]]''' ====	+	==== '''[[Wind turbine\|Wind Turbines]]''' ====

-	Wind turbines are the least common type of turbine used today. However, like steam and hydraulic or water turbines, wind turbines are primarily used to generate electricity.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	Wind turbines are the least common type of turbine used today. However, like steam and hydraulic or water turbines, wind turbines are primarily used to generate electricity.<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	==== '''[[Gas Turbine\|Gas Turbines]]''' ====	+	==== '''[[Gas Turbine\|Gas Turbines]]''' ====

-	These are the newest type of turbine engine, used mostly for jet propulsion but also are used in power plants. A gas turbine draws upon a mixture of fuel such as [[Kerosene\|kerosene]] and compressed air that are combined in a combustion chamber and burned. This leads to the expansion of hot gases that pass through the blades or [[Rotor\|rotors]] of the turbine, making them spin. Most gas turbines generate higher temperatures than other types of turbines and are usually made out of [[Steel\|steel]] and special steel [[Alloys\|alloys]].<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>	+	These are the newest type of turbine engine, used mostly for jet propulsion but also are used in power plants. A gas turbine draws upon a mixture of fuel such as [[Kerosene\|kerosene]] and compressed air that are combined in a combustion chamber and burned. This leads to the expansion of hot gases that pass through the blades or [[Rotor\|rotors]] of the turbine, making them spin. Most gas turbines generate higher temperatures than other types of turbines and are usually made out of [[Steel\|steel]] and special steel [[Alloys\|alloys]].<ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/7031/Turbine-Types-turbines.html Turbine Types. Science. 2008-09-30.]</ref>

-	== References ==	+	== References ==

-	<references />	+	<references />

	[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]		[[Category:Mechanical_Features_and_Designs]]

←Older revision		Revision as of 23:45, 19 November 2009
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-	The '''New Austrian Tunneling Method''' ('''NATM''') was a methodical approach to tunneling developed in Austria between 1957 to 1965 by [[Ladislaus von Rabcewicz]], [[Leopold Muller]], and Franz Pacher.<ref>[http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/9238 What is the New Australian Tunneling Method?] AnswerBag.com, 2008-09-30.</ref> The over-arching idea behind NATM is to use the geological stress of surrounding rock mass to provide stabilization and support to the tunnel itself.	+	The '''New Austrian Tunneling Method''' ('''NATM''') was a methodical approach to tunneling developed in Austria between 1957 to 1965 by [[Ladislaus von Rabcewicz]], [[Leopold Muller]], and Franz Pacher.<ref>[http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/9238 What is the New Australian Tunneling Method?] AnswerBag.com, 2008-09-30.</ref> The over-arching idea behind NATM is to use the geological stress of surrounding rock mass to provide stabilization and support to the tunnel itself.

-	Confusion as to whether or not NATM is a philosophical approach or an actual technique in [[Tunnel excavation\|tunnel excavation]] and [[Construction\|construction]] has resulted in heavy debate within the tunneling industry, and the method exists somewhat as a contradiction in terms. For example, NATM has also been referred to as the Sprayed Concrete Method (SCL), the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM), the Center Diaphragm Method (CDM), the Cross Diaphragm Method (CRD-NATM), and the Upper half vertical subdivision method (UHVS).<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Confusion as to whether or not NATM is a philosophical approach or an actual technique in [[Tunnel excavation\|tunnel excavation]] and [[Construction\|construction]] has resulted in heavy debate within the tunneling industry, and the method exists somewhat as a contradiction in terms. For example, NATM has also been referred to as the Sprayed [[concrete\|Concrete]] Method (SCL), the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM), the Center Diaphragm Method (CDM), the Cross Diaphragm Method (CRD-NATM), and the Upper half vertical subdivision method (UHVS).<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	Therefore, the exact definition and principles of NATM differ according to opinion and at best, have led to some confusion amongst researchers within the tunneling industry. Proponents of NATM therefore seem to be split into three concise groups. There are those who support NATM as a modern tunneling method, others who oppose it, arguing it brings nothing new to the table, and a more neutral group, somewhere in the middle.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Therefore, the exact definition and principles of NATM differ according to opinion and at best, have led to some confusion amongst researchers within the tunneling industry. Proponents of NATM therefore seem to be split into three concise groups. There are those who support NATM as a modern tunneling method, others who oppose it, arguing it brings nothing new to the table, and a more neutral group, somewhere in the middle.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	Despite the contoversy, NATM is said to encompass many beneficial features in comparison with more conventional tunneling methods and it is being adopted more and more widely in the construction of tunnels today.	+	Despite the contoversy, NATM is said to encompass many beneficial features in comparison with more conventional tunneling methods and it is being adopted more and more widely in the construction of tunnels today.

-	== History<br> ==	+	== History<br> ==

-	* 1811 - Brunel invents the first circular [[Tunneling shield\|tunneling shield]]	+	*1811 - Brunel invents the first circular [[Tunneling shield\|tunneling shield]]
-	* 1848 - Wejwanow makes a first attempt at using fast-setting mortar	+	*1848 - Wejwanow makes a first attempt at using fast-setting mortar
-	* 1872 - Rziha replaces timber support with steel	+	*1872 - Rziha replaces timber support with [[steel\|steel]]
-	* 1908 – 1911 - Akely invents revolver [[Shotcrete\|shotcrete]] machine	+	*1908 – 1911 - Akely invents revolver [[Shotcrete\|shotcrete]] machine
-	* 1914 - First application of shotcrete in ~~coalmines~~ in Denver	+	*1914 - First application of shotcrete in [[coal\|coal]] mines in Denver
-	* 1948 - Rabcewicz introduces Dual-lining system	+	*1948 - Rabcewicz introduces Dual-lining system
-	* 1954 - Bruner uses shotcrete to stabilize squeezing ground in tunneling by Bruner	+	*1954 - Bruner uses shotcrete to stabilize squeezing ground in tunneling by Bruner
-	* 1955 - Development of ground anchoring by Rabcewicz	+	*1955 - Development of ground anchoring by Rabcewicz
-	* 1960 - Recognition of the importance of a systematic measuring system by Muller	+	*1960 - Recognition of the importance of a systematic measuring system by Muller
-	* 1962 - Rabcewicz introduces New Austrian Tunneling Method in a lecture	+	*1962 - Rabcewicz introduces New Austrian Tunneling Method in a lecture
-	* 1964 - English version of NATM produced by Rabcewicz appears for first time in literature	+	*1964 - English version of NATM produced by Rabcewicz appears for first time in literature
-	* 1969 - First urban NATM application in soft ground appears in Frankfurt, Germany	+	*1969 - First urban NATM application in soft ground appears in Frankfurt, Germany
-	* 1982 - The Austrian National Committee on Underground Construction of the International Tunneling Association (ITA) redefines 1980 NATM due to conflict in existing literature	+	*1982 - The Austrian National Committee on Underground Construction of the International Tunneling Association (ITA) redefines 1980 NATM due to conflict in existing literature
-	* 1987 - First NATM in Britain takes place at Barrow upon Soar Mine<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	*1987 - First NATM in Britain takes place at Barrow upon Soar Mine<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== Definition of NATM ==	+	== Definition of NATM ==

-	According to the Rabeciwz, the principal founder of NATM, the method can be explained as “a new method consisting of a thin sprayed [[Concrete\|concrete]] lining, closed at the earliest possible moment by an [[Invert\|invert]] to a complete ring -- called an “auxiliary arch” -- the deformation of which is measured as a function of time until equilibrium is obtained.”<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	According to the Rabeciwz, the principal founder of NATM, the method can be explained as “a new method consisting of a thin sprayed [[Concrete\|concrete]] lining, closed at the earliest possible moment by an [[Invert\|invert]] to a complete ring -- called an “auxiliary arch” -- the deformation of which is measured as a function of time until equilibrium is obtained.”<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	The three key points Rabcewizc stressed were the application of thin-sprayed concrete lining known as [[Shotcrete\|shotcrete]], closure of the ring as soon as possible, and the systematic deformation measurement.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	The three key points Rabcewizc stressed were the application of thin-sprayed concrete lining known as [[Shotcrete\|shotcrete]], closure of the ring as soon as possible, and the systematic deformation measurement.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	In 1980, the definition of NATM was redefined by the Austrian National Committee on Underground Construction of the International Tunneling Association as, “a concept whereby the ground surrounding an underground opening becomes a load bearing structural component through activation of a ring like body of supporting ground.”<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	In 1980, the definition of NATM was redefined by the Austrian National Committee on Underground Construction of the International Tunneling Association as, “a concept whereby the ground surrounding an underground opening becomes a load bearing structural component through activation of a ring like body of supporting ground.”<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	Leopold Muller, another advocate of NATM, proposed that it was a tunneling concept defined by a set of principles. It was not to be viewed as method for construction, as this actually implied a means by which to advance or drive a tunnel. Many Austrian proponents of NATM support Muller’s approach to the method as being more of a philosophy as opposed to a set of excavation and support techniques.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>	+	Leopold Muller, another advocate of NATM, proposed that it was a tunneling concept defined by a set of principles. It was not to be viewed as method for construction, as this actually implied a means by which to advance or drive a tunnel. Many Austrian proponents of NATM support Muller’s approach to the method as being more of a philosophy as opposed to a set of excavation and support techniques.<ref>Karakus, M.; Fowell, R.J. [http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~mkarakus/pdf/Insight%20into%20the%20New%20Austrian%20Tunnelling%20Method.pdf An insight into the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM)], 2008-09-30.</ref>

-	== Key Principles of NATM ==	+	== Key Principles of NATM ==

-	There are 22 principles that define NATM, with the following seven pinpointed as being the most significant: <br>	+	There are 22 principles that define NATM, with the following seven pinpointed as being the most significant: <br>